Exercise 3. State the function of the gerund and Gerundial Constructions. Translate into English.

The Functions of the Gerund in the Sentence

Function	English sentence	Russian sentence
Subject	Taking on new staff can be disruptive to existing employees. disruptive - разрушительный, опустошительный
Subject	The gerund used as a subject may follow the predicate; in these cases the sentence opens with the introductory it or with the construction there is. There is very little value or benefit in training people only to then frustrate them through a failure to provide ample career and development opportunities. frustrate - разочаровывать; обманывать (надежды, ожидания) ample – достаточный; обильный
Predicative	The only remedy for such a headache as mine is going to bed. (Collins)
Part of a compound verbal predicate	- with verbs and verbal phrases denoting modality the gerund forms part of a compound verbal modal predicate; Joseph could not help admiring the man. (Heym)
Part of a compound verbal predicate	- with verbs denoting the beginning , the duration, or the end of an action, the gerund forms part of a compound verbal aspect predicate She began sobbing and weeping. (Dickens)
Object (non-prepositional or prepositional)	1. There is always something children like telling you about. (non-prepositional) 2. Charlie didn’t succeed in taking things easily. (Priestley) (prepositional)
Attribute	(In this function the gerund is always preceded by a preposition.) He was born with the gift of winning hearts. (Gaskell)
Adverbial modifier	of time: Upon waking I found myself much recovered. (Swift)
	of manner: She startled her father by bursting into tears. (Garskell)
	of attendant circumstances: She crossed the room without taking notice of people present there.
	of purpose: (In this function the gerund is chiefly used with the preposition for.) … one side of the gallery was used for dancing. (Eliot)
	of condition: (In this function the gerund is preceded by the preposition without.) He has no right to come bothering you and papa without being invited. (Shaw)
	of cause: (In this function the gerund is used with the prepositions for, for fear of, owing to.) I dared not attend the funeral for fear of making a fool of myself. (Coppard)
	of concession: (In this function the gerund is preceded by the preposition in spite of) In spite of being busy, he did all he could to help her.

The Predicative Constructions with the Gerund

A gerundial construction is nearly always rendered into Russian by a subordinate clause, generally introduced by то, что; тем, что; как, etc.

Type of construction	English sentence	Russian translation
If it denotes a living being it may be expressed:	1) by a noun in genitive case or by a possessive pronoun: genitive case - родительный падеж His further consideration of the point was prevented by Richard’s coming back to us in an excited state. (Dickens) consideration - размышление
	Do you mind my smoking?
	2) by a noun in the common case: I have a distinct recollection of Lady Chiltern always getting the good conduct prize! (Wilde) recollection - воспоминание the good conduct prize - награда за примерное поведение
If the nominal element (именная часть) of the construction denotes a lifeless thing, it is expressed by a noun in the common case or by a possessive pronoun.	I said something about my clock being slow. (Du Maurier)
	… Peggotty spoke of … my room, and of its being ready for me. (Dickens)
The nominal element of the construction can also be expressed by a pronoun which has no case distinctions, such as all, this, that, both, each, something.	I insist on both of them coming in time.

Exercise 2. Point out the Gerundial Construction and comment on the way !he nominal element is expressed. Translate into Russian.

1. You must excuse my being so breathless, I'm not really breathless, it's just the excitement. (Leacock) 2. These happy events occurred without any recommendation having been made by Rainborough, and indeed without his having been officially informed. (Murdoch) 3. The maid said something about the American lady's having corne back to Rodnik. (Heym) 4. It was easy to imagine Cave sitting silent. (Snow) 5. She was interrupted by her father's voice and by her father's hat being heavily flung from his hand and striking her face. (Dickens) 6. He brought in a portmanteau with him, which he doubted its being worth while to unpack. (Dickens) 7. Besides, there's no danger of it happening again. (Hansford Johnson) 8. "It's no good you staying," Jack Burton said. (Aldridge) 9. Jack laughed. Their being bothered amused him. (Lawrence) 10. He was wakened by someone knocking at the door. (Faulkner) 11. There is something so inexpressibly absurd to me in the idea of Caddy being married. (Dickens) 12. I was not surprised by Caddy's being in low spirits. (Dickens) 13. You knew young Pyle well didn't you? I can't get over a thing like that happening to him. (Greene) 14. She laughed at the thought of her husband and Johnny looking after the house. (Priestley) 15. He felt almost a gloomy satisfaction at the thought of all these disasters happening at once. (Murdoch)

Exercise 3. State the function of the gerund and Gerundial Constructions. Translate into English.

1. Nobody can go on living without some belief. (Greene) 2....she did not like being plunged back into a slave state. (Stone) 3. He greeted me noisely, but I cut him short by giving him the telegram. (Snow) 4. "She cannot sleep without seeing and speaking to you once more," I said. "She does not like the thought of leaving you." (Ch. Bronte) 5. Without putting anything into words, they bade each other farewell. (Wilson) 6. I remember laughing aloud, and the laugh being carried by the wind away from me. (Du Maurier) 7. There came the sound of the door closing then being locked. (Priestley) 8. Upon awakening she dressed quickly and left the house. (Stone) 9. He felt better for having written the letter. (Cronin) 10. "It's no good you hating it," said Mr. Bunting, becoming didactic. (Greenwood) 11. Do you mind giving me your name and telephone number, please? (Priestley) 12. Peter Saward only replied by staring at the paper knife and shaking his head slowly to and fro, and twisting his long legs into knots under the desk. (Murdoch) 13. Mr. Dorrit positively trembled in addressing the great man. (Dickens) 14. Unfortunately this fruitful silence was ruined by the sound of a door being banged. (Priestley) 15. He never ceased talking. (Coppard) 16. Well, it's no use my telling you a lie. (Shaw) 17. Life seemed worth fighting for. (Dreiser) 18. Petra sat through her first lesson without saying a word and without paying much attention to the lecture and the examples on the blackboard. (Heym) 19. But now a difficulty arose — hostile Indians could not break the bread of hospitality together without first making peace, and this was a simple impossibility without smoking a pipe of peace. (Twain) 20. Only the other day they had been talking about something happening, and now it had happened to him. (Snow) 21. I was torn between the fear of hurting a nice woman's feelings and the fear of being in the way. (Maugham) 22. She cursed herself for not having thought to bring a visiting card. (Murdoch) 23. It is awfully hard work doing nothing. (Wilde) 24. He was angry with me for bringing the news. (Snow) 25. He went on talking to my wife. (Hemingway) 26. She was listening hard all the time for any sound of Jan Lusiewicz descending the stairs. (Murdoch) 27. After washing his heavy stone cup and tin plate..., he stretched himself wearily on the bed. (Dreiser) 28. She enjoyed giving parties. (Stone) 29. He knew that I, or any competent man would not have denied a point so specific without being dead sure. (Snow) 30. I wish I'd never told you the truth, but it's no use denying it. (Braine) 31. He meant to begin his investigation by seeing the church. (Galsworthy) 32. But outside it kept on raining. (Hemingway) 33. They could not understand how he had so nearly succeeded in deceiving them. (Priestley) 34....in ] passing under a lamp, Graham encountered my eye. (Ch. Bronte) 35. Stephen was absorbed the greater part of the time in wishing he were not forced to stay in town yet another day. (Hardy) 36. Why was going with Joseph any different from going with Elinor? (Heym) 37. She tried, by staring into the glass, to see what the expression was on the man's face. (Murdoch) 38....little Hans nodded and smiled, and felt very proud of having a friend with such noble ideas. (Wilde) 39. "You can't: have a war," said Douglas, "without someone getting hurt." (Snow) 40. She was not conscious of having shown any special interest in Mr. Lincoln. (Stone) 41. I began... by explaining the situation in the North. (Greene) 42. Being alone in your own country is worse than being alone anywhere else. (Heym) 43. Mr. Bumble's conduct on being left to himself was rather inexplicable. (Dickens) 44. He could stand behind the door and take a chance at surprising Joseph. (Priestley) 45. She seemed a little self-conscious now and she avoided meeting his eyes. (Wilson) 46. At night... I would imagine him going up my stairs, knocking at my door, sleeping in my bed. (Greene)

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