Use an explanatory dictionary, analyse the definitions of the following words and break up the semantic components into integral and differential semes.
Seminar 2. The Word Meaning
Test Questions
1. What is the difference between semasiological and onomasiological approach to linguistic phenomena?
2. What is the difference between lexical, grammatical and part-of speech meanings?
3. What is the essence of referential approach to meaning?
4. In what relation does meaning stand to the sound form and to the referent?
5. What is the difference between meaning and concept?
6. What is the difference between meaning and purport (sense)?
7. What aspects of lexical meaning can be singled out?
8. What is the denotational component of lexical meaning?
9. What is the connotational component of lexical meaning?
10. What are the main types of lexical meanings?
11. What is the componential analysis applied for?
12. What is an integral / differential seme?
Tasks and assignments
1. Prove that meaning is not identical with notion applying to the linguistic facts:
1) рука – arm, hand, wrist; нога – foot, leg; floor – пол, этаж; cry – кричать, плакать;
2) Kate, Smith, he, this, seven;
3) daddy – father; kid – child;
4) child, baby, babe, infant;
5) fall ill, catch cold, be sick, be unwell;
6) high building, tall man.
2. Speak on the correlation of meaning and referent using the following linguistic facts:
1) cat, animal, pussy, Tom, this, pet;
2) fine weather, fine threads;
3) elf, goblin;
4) love, hate;
5) ah, aha, ahem, alas, hell, hey, hush, oh, ooh, oops, ow, ugh, uh-huh, well, wow.
3.* What unites the following words:
a) lexical meaning;
b) grammatical meaning;
c) lexical meaning and grammatical meaning;
D) part-of-speech (integral) meaning?
1. overstressed, overworked, overbid, overcast;
2. cherish, value, love;
3. oxen, feet, media, radii, kine, dogs, octopuses, beeves;
4. buy, sell, money, price, expensive.
Use an explanatory dictionary and look up the meanings of the given words and word combinations. What principle are they united on?
move, moves, moved, moving; red, the red, to redden, reddish, redberry, red-tape, red-out, red-listed, red-letter, red wine; hard, hardship, harden, hardened, hardener, hard-hearted; book, bookable, booking, booking office.
5. Discriminate between denotational and connotational meanings of the words:
cigarette – a thin tube of paper filled with tobacco, for smoking;
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fag – (BrE, informal) = cigarette;
dog – an animal with four legs and a tail, often kept as a pet or trained for work, for example hunting or guarding buildings;
doggie – (informal) a child’s word for a dog;
childish – (disapproving) (of an adult) behaving in a stupid or silly way;
childlike – (usually approving) having the qualities that children usually have, especially innocence;
Japanese – people from Japan;
Jap – (taboo, slang) an offensive word for a Japanese person;
to pin sth. on smb. – to make smb. be blamed for sth., especially for sth. they did not do: They all tried to pin the blame on someone else.;
catch sb red-handed – to catch sb. in the act of doing sth. wrong, committing a crime.
Establish the types of lexical meaning realised in the following sentences.
a) The sun glared down on us. She glared at him accusingly.
b) The cat laid a dead mouse at my feet. Select the printer icon and then click the left mouse button.
c) Sharks were circling around our boat. He failed to pay on time and loan sharks threatened him with arson.
d) He was too shocked to give an account of what had happened. I’ve opened an account with Barclay’s Bank. Our sales manager has secured several big accounts recently. She was told to wear flat shoes, on account of her back problem.
e) It’s quicker by train. She has a quick temper. His mood changed like quick silver. The Ojibwa, Gary told me, make no crude distinction between the quick and the dead.
f) There is a maid to do the housework. Joan of Arc is also known as the Maid of Orleans.
g) He only married her for her dough. Knead the dough on a floured surface.
h) Do you have any pets? She’s the teacher’s pet.
i) She tried to explain how the system works, but it’s all Greek to me. These vases are held to be the finest examples of Greek art.
j) Her story seemed so outlandish. He has a black wig on and speaks outlandish.
k) He is an oughter.
Carry out the componential analysis of these words by using an appropriate combination of the semantic features (semes).
| 1. man 2. woman 3. boy 4. girl 5. wife 6. husband 7. bull 8. cow 9. calf 10. bachelor | a) human b) animal c) male d) female e) adult f) non-adult g) single h) married i) bovine |
Use an explanatory dictionary, analyse the definitions of the following words and break up the semantic components into integral and differential semes.
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bachelor, husband, bridegroom, widower; red, blue, yellow, brown, white, black, violet; cat, lion, leopard, cheetah, lynx, panther, chaus; rose, lily, camomile, bluebell, dandelion, orchid, pink, cornflag, cornflower, marigold; win, gain, take, earn; wage, salary, pay, fee; memorise, remember, recall, remind of; walk / stride, pace, trot, march, toddle, mince / shuffle, shamble, toil, trudge, plod, stagger / saunter, swagger, stroll; incite, arouse, exhort, foment, instigate, provoke.
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