Theme2: Grammatical Categories of the Verb

Theoretical English Grammar

Seminar 7

Theme: The Verb. Main features and classifications

Points for study and discussion:

1. The verb as a linguistic category. The grammatical meaning of the verb.

2. Semantic features of the verb.

3. Morphological features of the verb.

4. Syntactic features of the verb

5. Forms of word-building for verbs.

6. Analytic or syntactic nature of phrasal verbs.

7. Morphological classifications of English verbs.

8. Lexical-morphological classifications.

9. Syntactic classifications of English verbs.

10. Functional classification of English verbs.

11. Auxiliary, modal and link verbs.

12. Classification of verbs based on subject-action relations (syntactic-semantic classification).

13. Classification of verbs based on aspective verbal semantics.

14. The syntactic valency of verbs and its types.

Key notions to be defined: category, grammatical category, verb, grammatical meaning, phrasal verb, transitive verb, intransitive verb, finite verb, non-finite verb, notional verb, semi-notional verb, modal verb, link-verb, auxiliary verb, actional verb, statal verb, syntactic valency of verbs, obligatory valency, optional valency.

Practice:

1. In the given text determine the semantic features of the verbs. Decide, what do these verbs represent: process, result, state or a mixture of these features? Look the definitions of the verbs up in the dictionary if necessary.

MH17 crash: Nato sees evidence 'weapons are still moving from Russia to Ukraine' (The Independent, 24.07.2014)

The first 40 bodies from the 298 passengers killed who were on board the 17 July flight arrived in the Netherlands yesterday for identification and more bodies are expected to arrive today. The Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak has this morning warned it could take "weeks or even months" before remains of the 43 Malaysians on board are repatriated.

On Wednesday, Ukraine’s defence ministry said two of their fighter jets had been shot down close to the crash site in eastern Ukraine by pro-Russian rebels, apparently by missiles.

Western leaders have accused Russia of arming the rebels throughout the crisis in Ukraine. The unnamed officer said: "We have noted an increase in the amount of weapons being transferred from Russia to Ukraine in the last several weeks.

“We continue to see evidence of the movement of weapons into Ukraine from Russia since the downing of (Malaysia Airlines flight) MH17, which is a cause for concern.”

The European Union has said Russia must stop the flow of weapons across the border or face tougher sanctions.

The news comes as investigators from the Air Accidents Investigation Branch in Hampshire tasked with analysing the plane’s black boxesconfirmed they had successfully downloaded “valid data” from the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) which will be "further analysed".

2. Underline all verbs in the sentences below. Identify the class/function of each verb (lexical vs. primary; primary vs. auxiliary; regular vs. irregular; single-word vs. multi-word; primary verb vs. modal verb, transitive vs. intransitive, etc). Among other sources use Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English as a theoretical resource book.

1. Channell and Miller pleaded guilty to a single felony and were placed on probation for two years.

2. They said we finally found out why our cattle are dying of lead poisoning.

3. Lebed has declined to run for a seat in the upper house of parliament, even though he could have won one easily.

4. This program must be kept constantly up to date through study of shifts in mass consciousness and through constant effort to connect up with them.

5. Oh, come on, doesn’t John want a little bit

Topics for individual projects:

Perfective and imperfective verbs: a cognitive aspect // Langacker R. W. Cognitive Grammar. A Basic Introduction / R. W. Langacker. — N.Y. : Oxford Univ. Press, 2008. — 562 p. (P. 147-151).

Recommended Literature

Бархударов Л.С. Очерки по морфологии современного английского языка / Л.С. Бархударов. – М. : Высшая школа, 1975.

Бархударов Л.С., Штелинг Д.А. Грамматика английского языка / Л.С. Бархударов, Д.А. Штелинг. – М. : Издательство литературы на иностранных языках, 1960. – 422 с. (С. 124-138).

Блох М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка / М.Я. Блох. – М. Высшая школа, 1983. – 383 с. (C. 85-102)

Блох М.Я., Семенова Т.Н., Тимофеева С.В. Практикум по теоретической грамматике английского языка : [учеб. пособие] / М.Я.Блох, Т.Н. Семенова, С.В. Тимофеева. – М. : Высшая школа, 2004. – С. 140-143

Иванова И.П., Бурлакова В.В., Почепцов Г.Г. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка : [учебник] / И.П. Иванова, В.В. Бурлакова, Г.Г. Почепцов. – Москва : Высшая школа, 1981. – 285 с. (С. 46-49).

Прибыток И.И. Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка / И.И. Прибыток. – Саратов : Научная книга, 2006. – 408 с. – C. 86-96.

Crystal D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language / D. Crystal. – L.; N.Y. : The Cambridge University Press, 1995. – 487 p. (P. 204, 212, 224)

Laimutis Valeika, Janina Buitkienė An Introductory Course in Theoretical English Grammar. – Vilnius Pedagogical University, 2003. – 135 p. (P. 63-71)

Biber D., Conrad S., Leech G. Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English / D. Biber, S. Conrad, G. Leech. – Harlow : Pearson Education Limited, 2002. – 487 p. (P. 102-141)

Morokhovskaya E.J. Fundamentals of Theoretical English Grammar / E. J. Morokhovskaya. — K. : Vysca Skola, 1984. — 287 р. (P. 106-112)

Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics / based on Hadumod Bussmann, translated and edited by Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzazi. – L. ; N.Y. : Routledge, 2006. – 1304 p.

Theme2: Grammatical Categories of the Verb

Points for study and discussion:

The category of Person.

Grammatical meaning and the opposition of meanings.

Lexicalized and grammaticalized means of expression.

The subsystems of the expression of the category of person in the present tense.

The expression of person in the future and past tenses.

The system of person-conjugation characterizing elevated modes of speech.

The category of Number

Grammatical meaning and the opposition of meanings

The expression of number by the English verb

The category of Aspect

Grammatical meaning and the opposition of meanings.

Progressive and non-progressive verbs.

Mental operations characterizing progressive and non-progressive aspect.

The category of Tense

Grammatical meaning and the opposition of meanings.

The relation of time and tense to the cognitive operation of viewing.

The category of Voice

Grammatical meaning and the opposition of meanings.

The relation of the category of Voice to the meaning of transitivity/intransitivity.

The problem of the number of voices in linguistics.

The category of Mood

Grammatical meaning and the opposition of meanings.

Mood subcategories.

Mood and modality. Modes of modality representation.

The expression of the Subjunctive Mood.

The semantic varieties of the Subjunctive Mood.

Key terms to be defined:category, person, number, aspect, tense, voice, mood, progressive, non-progressive, deictic pronouns, anaphoric pronouns, suppletive personal forms, maximal viewing frame, restricted viewing frame, transitive meaning, intransitive meaning, “middle voice”, indicative mood, imperative mood, subjunctive mood.

Practice

What is the diﬀerence in meaning between the following pairs of sentences

a. I hope someone can help me. a’. I am hoping someone can help me.

b. I feel pain. b’. I am feeling pain.

c. The plane took oﬀ. c’. The plane was taking oﬀ.

d. You are silly. d’. You are being silly.

e. I constantly receive junk mail. e’. I’m constantly receiving junk mail.

f. What did you say? f’. What were you saying?

g. I wrote my term paper. g’. I was writing my term paper.

Underline each verb phrase in the following passages. Determine whether each verb phrase is finite or non-finite, and identify the tense if it is finite. Identify the aspect. Identify the verb as transitive, intransitive, or copular. If it is transitive, identify the voice.

1. I came home one afternoon and she was lying in bed and she had cuts all over her whole body and she had taken a knife and just stashed her arms and her throat and her face and she told me that she had been attacked by a wild lion. And then later when I got old enough to know that was a lie, I asked her about it and she said that she had gone through the windshield of her car.

2 [A news story about a statue in the Capitol building inWashington DC]

A statue depicting three suffragists is to be placed in the Capitol Rotunda shortly, a move that was supposed to end years of controversy. But just as the statue was to be moved, the controversy heated up. Now a group of black women leaders are opposed to the move because the statue does not include Sojourner Truth, a leading black abolitionist and 19th-century feminist. The statue, titled 'Portrait Monument.' was donated to Congress in 1921by the National Women's Party, the party that won women's right to vote. After it briefly was displayed in the Rotunda, the statue was banished to a storeroom. Lately, it has been housed in the Capitol Crypt, one floor below the Rotunda. Two years ago female members of Congress pushed to relocate the statue to the Rotunda. After several unsuccessful tries, Congress voted last September to make the move.

Topics for individual projects: Situation types: Aspect //Radden G., Dirven R. Cognitive English Grammar / G. Radden, R.Dirven. – Amsterdam ; Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2007. – P. 175-197.

Recommended Literature

Бархударов Л.С., Штелинг Д.А. Грамматика английского языка / Л.С. Бархударов, Д.А. Штелинг. – М. : Издательство литературы на иностранных языках, 1960. – С. 138-203.

Блох М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка / М.Я. Блох. – М. Высшая школа, 1983. – C. 125-203

Ильиш Б.А. Строй современного английского языка : [учебник] / Б.А. Ильиш. – Ленинград : Просвещение, 1971. – С. 49-75.

Прибыток И.И. Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка / И.И. Прибыток. – Саратов : Научная книга, 2006. – 408 с. – C. 96-125.

Laimutis Valeika, Janina Buitkienė An Introductory Course in Theoretical English Grammar. – Vilnius Pedagogical University, 2003. – P. 71-102.

Biber D., Conrad S., Leech G. Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English / D. Biber, S. Conrad, G. Leech. – Harlow : Pearson Education Limited, 2002. – P. 140-186.

Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics / based on Hadumod Bussmann, translated and edited by Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzazi. – L. ; N.Y. : Routledge, 2006. – 1304 p.

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