Lecture №3. Introduction to computer systems.
Purpose:to discuss and give a brief idea on computer hardware.
Plan:
1.Review of computer systems.
2.Evolution of computer systems.
Computer Systems are formed by several subsystems, namely, hardware, software and network. Knowledge of how these subsystems work together allows understanding the whole process of work a computer system. This chapter provides a general view of the computer system components and the primary role of each subsystem. In the following subchapters more information about each subsystem is presented. In order to study in depth the computer, it is important to know how computers were designed and evolved.
Unless you know how computers can be used, their importance may not be apparent. Some interesting examples of using computers are present for better understanding of versatile usage of computer systems. This will help you to choose suitable development field related to computers.
Components of a Computer System are:
· Hardware system;
· Software system-operating system and application software;
· Network systems;
A computer is an electronic machine that performs input, processing, storing, and output operation according to programmed instructions to carry out specific tasks.
Computer architecture is a specification detailing how a set of software and hardware technology standards interact to form a computer systems or platform. In short, computer architecture refers to how a computer system is designed and what technologies it is compatible with.
There are three categories of computer architecture:
· System design : It includes all hardware components in the system including data processors aside from the CPU such as the graphics processing unit and direct memory access. It also includes memory controllers, data paths and different things like multiprocessing and virtualization;
· Instruction Set Architecture ( ISA): It is the embedded in programming language of the central processing unit. It defines the CPU`s functions and capabilities based on programming which it can perform or process. This includes the word size, processor register types, memory addressing modes, data formats and the instruction set that programmers use;
· microarchitecture: It is known as computer organization. This type of architecture defines the data paths, data processing and storage elements, as well as the way they should be implemented in the ISA;
The modern computer acts in a similar way. A Keyboard or a mouse is used to input data. Then computer handles the input, stores result, and displays it via the monitor, speakers, printers, or other output devices. For example, when you request for a web page by typing its URL ( Uniform Resource Locator) “ http;//www.iitu.kz”, the computer processes your input by requesting the page via the Internet. Then it shows the requested page on your monitor as output.
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In general, a computer system can be divided into hardware, software and network systems.
Hardware System
The hardware system consists of external and internal physical components that enable a computer to accept input data, process and store data, and produce outputs.
Hardware components provide physical interface in a computer system. However, they cannot function without instructions. These instructions are software programs.
Software System-Operating System Software and application Software
The two different types of software programs are (1) operating system software and (2) application software. The diagram illustrates the levels of interaction among users, application software, and the hardware system.
The operating system software serves as the interface between application software and hardware components. The application software interacts with the users of a computer system.
Operating system software provides instructions to hardware system components. Examples of operating systems are Microsoft Windows and Macintosh operating system. While performing input, the operating system program provides instructions to send the input to appropriate hardware components for processing. Then, it provides instructions for the result to be sent to the appropriate output device. For example, when a user uses a keyboard, Microsoft Windows operating system takes the input sent through the keyboard and displays the typed letters on the monitor.
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