ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БЮДЖЕТНОГО ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «ВСЕРОССИЙСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ЮСТИЦИИ (РПА МИНЮСТА РОССИИ)»
САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (ФИЛИАЛ) ВГУЮ (РПА МИНЮСТА РОССИИ)
Кафедра:Гуманитарных и социально-экономических дисциплин
ДисциплинаИностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции
(наименование учебной дисциплины)
БИЛЕТ ДЛЯ ЭКЗАМЕНА № 3
1. The first law (laws of Babylon).
2. Read, translate and be ready to answer the questions.
There are two main kinds of courts, and two kinds of judicial officers to correspond with them. Courts of first instance are presided over by magistrates, who are normally Justices of the Peace (JPs); higher courts (crown courts) by judges, or in some cases, senior barristers specially appointed to perform judicial functions for part of their time.
Every person charged with an offence is summoned to appear before a local magistrates` court, which may impose a fine up to a general limit of £2,000 or twelve months imprisonment, though for some specified offences the laws prescribe maximum penalties below these limits. With 98 per cent of cases the magistrates on the bench decide on guilt or innocence, and if necessary what penalty to impose. With more serious cases the magistrates can decide only to send them for trial in a crown court. A person accused before a magistrates` court may demand to be sent for trial before a crown court in some of the more serious cases with which in general the magistrates could have dealt themselves.
A magistrates’ court normally consists of three Justices of the Peace (occasionally, two or four or more). The JPs are ordinary but worthy citizens who have been appointed to their positions by the Lord Chancellor on the advice of local appointing committees. JPs have no formal qualifications; they are chosen merely for their good reputation, often with the support of political parties or approved voluntary bodies. Once appointed, they are expected to attend courses of instruction about their work. There are 28,000 JPs in England; each of them works in the court on about 30-50 days a year.
Зав. кафедрой кандидат исторических наук, доцент
Сексте Я.А.
(подпись)
САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (ФИЛИАЛ)
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БЮДЖЕТНОГО ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «ВСЕРОССИЙСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ЮСТИЦИИ (РПА МИНЮСТА РОССИИ)»
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САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (ФИЛИАЛ) ВГУЮ (РПА МИНЮСТА РОССИИ)
Кафедра:Гуманитарных и социально-экономических дисциплин
ДисциплинаИностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции
(наименование учебной дисциплины)
БИЛЕТ ДЛЯ ЭКЗАМЕНА № 4
1. The first law (Ancient Greece and Rome).
2. Read, translate and be ready to answer the questions.
Bankruptcy is a formal legal process, usually undertaken in the county (the High Court in London), whereby a person without the means to meet their normal financial commitments and debts has their financial affairs taken over by an appointee of the court.
Although the term has fearful connotations, bankruptcy can be a way of handling a complex and difficult financial situation. It is available to people who owe more than 750, although in practice most filing bankruptcy owe substantially more. The major advantages of choosing bankruptcy include: the facility of dealing with all creditors at the same time; paying much less to a creditor than would otherwise be necessary (because creditors have to recognize the court's intervention and cannot pursue the debt beyond this, although the rights of people with secured debts are unaffected); removing the anxiety from an uncertain situation; and gaining the chance of a fresh start. The disadvantages may include: the loss of valuable assets (apart from those thought necessary for day-to-day living), loss of ability to get credit; loss of office in the case of people public service (such as local councillors, Members of Parliament and magistrates); and the possible loss of home and future business activity. The process can be expensive, and most bankrupts feel at least embarrassment at the involvement of officialdom in their lives.
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Зав. кафедрой кандидат исторических наук, доцент
Сексте Я.А.
(подпись)
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