Protective equipment and clothing
It is important that all those entering an enclosed space wear suitable clothing and that they make use of protective equipment which may be provided on board for their safety. Access ladders and surfaces within the space may be slippery and suitable footwear should be worn. Safety helmets protect against falling objects and, in a confined space, against bumps. Loose clothing, which is likely to catch on obstructions should be avoided. Additionally precautions are necessary where there is a risk of contact with harmful chemicals. Safety harnesses, belts and lifelines should be worn and used where there is any danger of falling from a height.
There may be additional safety instructions on board the ship — make sure that they are made known to all concerned.
SAFETY CHECK LIST
Before entering any enclosed space all the appropriate safety checks listed below must be carried out by the master or responsible officer and by the person who is to enter the space.
Section 1
To be checked þ by the master or responsible officer
1.1 Has the space been thoroughly ventilated and, ¨ where testing equipment is available, has the space been tested and found safe for entry?
1.2 Have arrangements been made to continue ventila- ¨ tion during occupancy of the space and at intervals during breaks?
1.3 Is rescue and resuscitation equipment available for ¨ immediate use beside the compartment entrance?
1.4 Have arrangements been made for a responsible ¨ person to be in constant attendance at the entrance to the space?
1.5 Has a system of communication between the person ¨at the entrance and those in the space been agreed?
1.6 Is access and illumination adequate? ¨
1.7 Are portable lights or other equipment to be used of ¨ an approved type?
When the necessary safety precautions in SECTION 1 have been taken, this card should be handed to the person who is to enter the space for completion.
Section 2
To be checked þ by the person who is to enter the space.
2.1 Have instructions or permission been given by the ¨ master or a responsible officer to enter the enclosed tank or compartment?
2.2 Has SECTION 1 been completed as necessary? ¨
2.3 Are you aware you should leave the space imme- ¨ diately in the event of failure of the ventilation system? —
2.4 Do you understand the arrangements made for com- ¨ munication between yourself and the responsible person in attendance at the entrance to the space?
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Section 3
Where breathing apparatus is to be used, this section must be checked jointly by the responsible officer and the person who IS to enter the space.
3.1 Are you familiar with the apparatus to be used? ¨
3.2 Has the apparatus been tested as follows? ¨
(i) Gauge and capacity of air supply
(ii) Low pressure audible alarm
(iii) Face mask air supply and tightness
3.3 Has the means of communication been tested and ¨ are emergency signals agreed?
Where instructions have been given that a responsible person be in attendance at the entrance to the compartment, the person entering the space should show their completed card to that person before entering. Entry should then only be permitted provided all the appropriate questions have been correctly checked þ.
Figure 9.6 Maritime Safety Card with Safety Check List
9.8.2 Procedures
For those special cases where tank entry is required, every ship and terminal should have procedures for safe entry and these should be written into operating manuals. Manuals should be clear on questions of area responsibility; shore tanks should not be entered without the terminal manager's permission and the ship's tanks should not be entered without the shipmaster's permission. As far as the terminal operating manual is concerned, such procedures should give advice on terminal operations and the requirements expected from their own, or contracted, personnel when they are visiting
or inspecting ships. This matter should be taken most seriously by terminal managers as accidents to shore personnel when entering enclosed spaces on ships are not uncommon.
Generally, entry into enclosed spaces should only be permitted when the atmosphere has been declared gas-free and fit for entry by a responsible officer. Only in very exceptional circumstances should tank entry be allowed when the tank atmosphere is unsafe — and then, only with full protective equipment and breathing apparatus. Further information covering entry into enclosed spaces can be found in Reference 2.1.
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9.8.3 Rescue from enclosed spaces
Experience has shown that the rescue of persons from within an enclosed space can be extremely hazardous and especially so in cases of oxygen deficiency. These risks are heightened where access to a compartment can only be achieved with difficulty. In such circumstances, it is vital that rescuers always pay strict attention to the correct procedures and the use of proper equipment and do not rush into ill-considered action. Many fatalities have resulted from failure to comply with these basic rules.
For training purposes, full-scale exercises in non-hazardous atmospheres have been found extremely beneficial. Exercises involving weighted dummies, with rescuers wearing protective equipment and breathing apparatus, are essential if rescue teams are to be properly prepared for a real emergency. Such simulations are often conducted by ship's personnel. They can also involve terminal employees and shore-based emergency services such as the fire brigade.
9.9 PERSONAL PROTECTION
9.9.1 Breathing apparatus
As previously indicated, it is always preferable to achieve a gas-free condition in a tank or enclosed space prior to entry by personnel. Where this is not possible, entry into tanks should only be permitted in exceptional circumstances and when there is no practical alternative, in which case, breathing apparatus (and if necessary, protective clothing) must be worn. There are four types of respiratory protection:—
• Short duration breathing apparatus
• Fresh air respirators
• Compressed air breathing apparatus
• Canister filter respirators
Each type is described in the following sections:
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