Subjunctive mood(умова, бажання)
The subjunctive mood is the verb form used to express a wish, a suggestion, a command, or a condition that is contrary to fact.
In linguistics, syntax (/ˈsɪntæks/[1][2]) is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language, specifically word orderand punctuation. The term syntax is also used to refer to the study of such principles and processes.[3] The goal of many syntacticians is to discover the syntactic rulescommon to all languages.
Word-groups.
The structure and meaning.
1) The structure is shown be a syntactic formula (синтаксическая структура словосочетания). It shows the structure of word-groups by the order of the arrangement of their components indicating them as parts of speech (V+N = te release a prisoner, to run a factory).
2) By using syntactic patterns (синтаксическая модель). They describe the word groups in relation to the head word (to release, to run).
The word-groups have lexical and structural meaning.
Lexical meaning is defined as the combined lexical meaning of the component words. Idiomatic meaning — the total change of the initial combined meaning (to catch smb red-handed)
Structural meaning is conveyed by the pattern of arrangement of its constituents (school grammar - grammar school).
Classification.
Structural classification:
- Predicative — have syntactic structure similar to that of a sentence (the horse has run away)
- Non-predicative: subordinate and coordinate.
Subordinate word-groups — consist of a head-word and words subordinate to it (to release a prisoner). In coordinate word-groups — all elements are equal (brother and sister).
If the word-group is used in the same function as one of its members — endocentric. Exocentric — are those that are used differently from either of its members.
Semantic classification:
- Lexically motivated — the meaning of a word-group is equal to the combined meaning of its components.
- Lexically non-motivated — the word-groups whose meaning is different from the combined meaning of its components (Hobson's choice — нет выбора; the horse has run away — motivated, the horse has bolted — non-motivated).
Sentence as a language unit
sentence is a textual unit consisting of one or more words that are grammatically linked. In functional linguistics, a sentence is a unit of written texts delimited by graphological features such as upper case letters and markers such as periods, question marks, and exclamation marks. This notion contrasts with a curve, which is delimited by phonologic features such as pitch and loudness and markers such as pauses; and with a clause, which is a sequence of words that represents some process going on throughout time.[1] This entry is mainly about sentence in its non-functional sense, though much work in functional linguistics is indirectly cited or considered such as the categories of Speech Act Theory.
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A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request, command or suggestion.[2] A sentence is a set of words that in principle tells a complete thought (although it may make little sense taken in isolation out of context); thus it may be a simple phrase, but it conveys enough meaningto imply a clause, even if it is not explicit. For example, "Two" as a sentence (in answer to the question "How many were there?") implies the clause "There were two". Typically a sentence contains a subject and predicate. A sentence can also be defined purely in orthographic terms, as a group of words starting with a capital letter and ending in a full stop.[3]
Sentence in the pragmatic aspect
Pragmatic syntax studies the social designation of language, i.e. the usage of sentences in speech activity. The sentence is a concentration of functional peculiarities of language and speech. Studying sentence pragmatics comprises an important sphere of language knowledge, since language literacy presupposes not only an ability to construct sentences (language competence) but also an ability to use them correctly in acts of speech to achieve the desired communicative-functional result (communicative competence).
Pragmatic aspects of the sentence include the following notions:
- communicative intention, which is, inherent in the sentence, directiveness to solving a definite lingual problem of communication;
- locution, which is the use of cognitive contents of the sentence, without any communicative purpose;
- illocution, which is an intonational framing of a communicative intention;
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- perlocution, which is the effect of an act of speech.
The Subject
The subject in a simple English sentence is the person or thing about whom the statement is made.
A subject is one of the five major elements of clause structure. The other four are: verb, object, complement and adjunct. Subjects are essential in declarative, negative and interrogative clauses.
The subject acts as the ‘doer’ or agent of an action. Subjects are typically noun phrases (e.g. a noun or pronoun and any dependent words before or after it):
The teacher told the class to sit down. (determiner + noun)
Doesn’t he eat meat? (pronoun)
Spring is like a breath of fresh air after a winter indoors. (noun)
Subject position
In statements (declarative clauses), the subject comes before the verb:
[eating out means eating in a restaurant]
They love eating out.
Some people prefer to go on holiday to the same place every year.
In questions (interrogative clauses), the subject comes after the auxiliary or modal verb and before the main verb:
Has Shona been to the house before? (auxiliary + subject + verb + other elements)
In exclamations, the subject comes after How or What and before the verb:
What a fantastic cook she is!
Dummy subjects
The subject is an essential part of a clause. Sometimes we need to use a ‘dummy’ subject where there is no other subject to put in the subject position. We use it or there as subjects:
It’s not raining, is it?
There are lots of things to do here in the city centre.
No subject
In very informal speaking we can leave out the pronoun in declarative clauses (statements), particularly I with verbs like hopeand know:
Hope you have a great time. (I hope you have …)
Define the Subject. It's a person, thing or place: He is a doctor. Apples grow on apple-trees. London is the capital of Great Britain.
- Where is the subject in imperative sentences? It's left out: Sit down. Thank him (the Subject You is understood).
- Define the Predicate.Itsayssomething about the Subject:The queenwearsa crown.An astronauttravelsin a spaceship.
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