The grammatical category of degrees of comparison.
Not all the adjectives of the English language have the degrees of comparison. From this point of view they fall under two types:
1) comparable adjectives
2) non- comparable adjectives
The non-comparable adjectives are relative ones like golden, wooden, silk, cotton, raw and so on.
The comparable ones are qualitative adjectives. The grammatical category of degrees of comparison is the opposition of three individual meanings:
1) positive degree 2) comparative degree 3) superlative degree
The common or basic degree is called positive which is expressed by the absence of a marker. Therefore we say that it is expressed by a zero morpheme. So far as to the comparative and superlative degrees they have special material means. At the same time we’ll have to admit that not all the qualitative adjectives form their degrees in the similar way. From the point of view of forming of the comparative and superlative degrees of comparison the qualitative adjectives must be divided into four groups. They are:
1) One and some two syllabic adjectives that form their degrees by the help of inflections -er and -est respectively, short - shorter - the shortest, strong - stronger - the strongest, pretty - prettier - the prettiest
2) The adjectives which form their degrees by means of root-vowel and final consonant
change:
many - more - the most much - more - the most
little - less - the least far - further - the furthest (farther - the farthest)
3) The adjectives that form their degrees by means of suppletion
good - better - the best bad - worse - the worst
Note: The two adjectives form their degrees by means of suppletion. It concerns only of the comparative
degree (good - better; bad - worse). The suppletive degrees of these adjectives are formed by root - vowel and final consonant change (better - the best) and by adding “t” to the form of the comparative degree (in worse - the worst).
4) Many syllabic adjectives which form their degrees by means of the words "more" and "most":
interesting - more interesting - the most interesting
beautiful - more beautiful - the most beautiful
So far we have not been referring to the works of grammarians on the problem since the opinions of almost all the grammarians coincide on the questions treated. But so far as to the lexical way of expressing the degrees is concerned we find considerable divergence in its treatment. Some authors treat more beautiful, the most beautiful not as a lexical way of formation of the degrees of comparison but as analytical forms. Their arguments are as follows:
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1. More and -er identical as to their meaning of “higher degree”;
2. Their distribution is complementary. Together they cover all the adjectives having the degree of comparison.
Within the system of the English Grammar we do not find a category which can be formed at the same time by synthetic and analytical means. And if it is a grammatical category it cannot be formed by several means, therefore we consider it to be a free syntactic unit which consists of an adverb and a noun.
Different treatment is found with regard to the definite and indefinite articles before most: the most interesting book and a most interesting book.
5) Khaimovich and Rogovskaya (22): One must not forget that more and most are not only word morphemes of comparison. They can also be notional words. Moreover they are poly- semantic and poly-functional words. One of the meanings of most is “very, exceedingly”. It is in this meaning that the word most is used in the expression a most interesting book”.
As has been stated we do not think that there are two homonymous words: most - functional word; most - notional word.
There is only one word - notional /adverb/ which can serve to express the superlative degree by lexical means and since it's a free combination of three notional words any article can be used according to the meaning that is going to be expressed. The difference in the meaning of the examples above is due to the difference in the means of the definite and indefinite articles.
List of books:
1. B. Ylyish “The Structure of Modern English Language”, 1991.
2. B.I. Khaimovich, B.L.Rogovskaya “A Course in English Grammar”, M. 1997.
3. F.M.Berezin “Lecture on Linguistics”, M. 1999.
4. Л.С.Бархударов, Д.А.Штеллинг “Грамматика английского языка”, М. 2003.
5. Geoffrey Leech, Jan Svartvik “A Communicative Grammar of English”, M. 1983
Questions
1. English pronouns and their grammatical categories.
2. The subclasses of English pronouns.
3. Words expressing properties and characteristics of object.
4. Two types of the degrees of comparison formation in English.
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