New approaches to social policy in the USA
Russian Federation
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
Kuban State University
Management and Psychology Department
Speciality: Social work
English language course
Paper Exam Topic: “The relevance of the problems of social work at the present stage of development of American society ”
Student: Firstov Mikhail Vasil
Group: Social work
Speciality number: 39.03.02
Tutor: PhD in Pedagogy Melnikova E.P.
Krasnodar city
2022
Content-Plan :
1. History of social work in the USA………………………………………………………….3-7
A) What is about ?...........................................................................................................................3
B) History development of social work in USA………………………………………………..3-5
C) The main features of social work in the USA……………………………………………. ...5-7
2. Situation nowadays……………………………………………………………………...…8-11
А) The issue of the protection of racial and ethnic minorities…………………….………………8
B) The problem of social inequality…….…………………………………………………………9
C) Racial conflicts……………………………………………………..………………………….9
D) Lack of social guarantees……………….……………………………………………………10
E) Problems in education………………………………….…………………………………….10
F) Deterioration of citizens' health…………………...………………………………………….10
G) The migration problem……………………………………………………………………….10
I) Crime and suicide………………….....................................................................................10-11
J) The general anxiety of the nation…………………………….………………………………..11
3. Advantages or disadvantages……………………………………………………………12-16
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A) Solving the problem of preserving ethnic minorities……………………………………..12-13
B) Social support programs for the population……………………………………………....13-15
С) Fighting crime……………………………….……………………………………………15-16
4. Conclusions……………...……………………………………………………………………17
5. References……….……………………………………………………………………………18
History of social work in the USA
А. What is about?
Social work is a professional activity aimed at helping people and social groups overcome personal and social difficulties through support, protection, correction and social rehabilitation. It includes assistance to single pensioners and the disabled, as well as assistance to dysfunctional families with children, the homeless, drug addicts, alcoholics, and the mentally ill. The professional activity of social workers contributes to social change, solving problems of human relationships; promotes the strengthening of the ability to function in society and the liberation of people in order to increase their level of well-being. Using theories of human behavior and social systems, social work promotes the interaction of people with their environment. The principles of human rights and social justice are the foundation of social work.
Currently, social work deals with conflict resolution, family problems, issues of domestic violence, the fight against drug addiction, alcoholism, poverty, homelessness among young people, housing, youth employment and many others.
B. History development of social work in USA
The system of social work began to take shape at the end of the 19th century. Then the first charitable organizations began to appear in the USA, which became the Guild of Neighbors (settlers), established in 1886 in New York and a charitable organization in Buffalo, created by the type of Organized Charity Society in 1887. Both of these organizations were created for practical assistance to the poor, and educated people from the upper and middle strata of the population participated in their work.
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Two major philanthropic social movements of the last third had a formative influence on the formation of the state system of social protection of the population in the USA XIX – early XX century.: societies for the organization of charity (OOB) and settlements. The OBS approached the issue of organizing assistance to the needy from the positions of Protestant work ethic, individualism and economic liberalism, which are traditional for the American middle class. The approach of the participants of the settlement movement had a clear socialist bias and implied the need for social reform aimed at strengthening the redistributive functions of the state. Representatives of both movements justified the advantage of their vision of helping those in need with theoretical, moral and philosophical arguments
Charitable activity was especially attractive for young women who saw in social work an opportunity to improve their social status and gain economic independence. For example, Mary Richmond worked in the Baltimore Society of Organized Charity, who put education at the forefront when addressing issues of improving charitable work. At the same time, she identified two areas: educational work (publication of articles, establishment of periodical press bodies, public speeches, seminars, meetings with the public, students and students) and training and
professional training of charity specialists. In 1898, a School of Applied Philanthropy was opened in New York.
The history of social work in the United States demonstrates the increasing role of both public and private agencies. There are three periods of development of social work in the USA/
I period: 1900-1930, when social assistance operated at the level of local governments, state governments and local private institutions organized under the auspices of the Public Foundation. The power in matters of social policy usually belonged to the state governments, and the federal government had nothing to do with these numerous power functions.
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II period: 1930-1968, when the Federal Government took important initiatives in the field of social security.
During this period, the role of the federal Government in social security has significantly increased. The most important innovation was the creation of a social insurance system of state aid funded by the federal Government, and the adoption of federal laws regulating working conditions (guaranteeing minimum wages and limiting working hours) and relations between workers and the administration.
Income support programs had two directions — social insurance and financial assistance. Social insurance was offered as a substitute for charity, in 1930.
Since 1935, in the United States, the Law on Social Insurance has established two types of insurance — old—age pensions and unemployment benefits, measures to help some categories of the poor (primarily the disabled and orphans), and over time - pensions for the loss of a breadwinner, disability benefits (not related to work injuries), medical insurance of persons at the age of 65 and older.
In 1948, the social legislation of the previous years and the new course were called the course for building a "state of all common welfare" – this term has become firmly in use. The policy was presented in the plan of Beveridge, an English economist who believed that the state should guarantee every citizen as a basic right a certain minimum of economic security.
III period: since 1968, when the movement towards the "welfare state" was replaced by a policy of conservatism.
From 1968-1990, the policy of "cooperative federalism" operated in the United States, which stimulated the expansion of the subsidy system and the regulatory apparatus, was replaced by "New Federalism", first proposed by President Nixon. Reducing spending on the social sphere – because it slows down development. Priority for federal funding is given to military spending and ensuring economic growth through tax cuts.
In different periods of the development of social work in the USA, new directions in social work appeared and developed. For example, after the First World War, the so-called diagnostic direction in social work arose in the United States, which was associated with Smith College in New York, where social workers were trained to work in psychiatric services. The need for them was very great, because there were many veterans of the First World War experiencing various kinds of psychological problems. This direction understood social work as
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the treatment of the client, as a change in his personality and assistance in his adaptation to the environment.
In the 1930s, the so-called functional direction in social work emerged in Pennsylvania, which emphasized the partnership between the social worker and the ward, the rejection of formal and authoritarian relationships. This direction considered social work not as a treatment, but as a service. It can be said that it was then that the modern model of interaction between a social work specialist and a client began to appear, which is still used in social work today.
С. The main features of social work in the USA
A distinctive feature of social work in the USA is its decentralization. There are various social programs in the country both at the state level, at the state level, and at the level of a single city.
Conditionally, social work in the United States is divided:
– "by the fields of activity of a social worker (in enterprises, offices, schools, centers, agencies, hospitals, hospitals, military units, churches, prisons, etc. institutions);
– on the client's problems (resolution of conflict situations, difficulties, problems both at work and in the family);
– by categories of clients (elderly and disabled, children, foster families, homeless children, single-parent families, etc.)".
Social work in the USA is constantly expanding. A special place in the American social work system is occupied by solving the problems of racial and ethnic minorities. In this regard, the so-called "dual approach" has recently been implemented. It presupposes the adaptation of common values, views and behavioral characteristics of people to the ethnic characteristics of certain racial and ethnic minorities.
The advantages of the American social work system are that it allows you to fully and promptly implement the social needs of people in almost every region of the country.
Social insurance and State assistance are the main forms of the State social security system. The main difference between them is the different sources of funding. Insurance funds are formed at the expense of taxes from workers, entrepreneurs and persons of liberal professions, and state assistance – at the expense of allocations from the state budget, state and local government budgets. The state insurance system in the country is supplemented by private insurance systems that have two forms – collective and workplace. In addition "additional payments are widespread: payment of vacations and sick leave, additional unemployment benefits, subsidies for continuing education and legal services.
As for assistance to the poor, it has been widespread in the country since the 60s of twentieth century and is aimed at providing a guaranteed income, supporting families with children, the elderly, the disabled, large or single-parent families (where the head of the family is a woman or unemployed) in need of food, housing and medical care.
The state-guaranteed income in the United States corresponds to the "poverty line". It is systematically adjusted to take into account the level of inflation and can be increased at the expense of state budget funds.
Food aid is provided mainly by providing food stamps to those in need. They are received by individuals or families whose income does not exceed 125% of the income of the "poverty line". Coupons are provided to them free of charge or at discounted prices. Other forms of food aid — school breakfasts, assistance to mothers with children under 1 year, etc.
Housing subsidies in the United States are provided to low-income families, and their amount is on average $2,000 per year per family.
As in a number of other countries, in the USA, assistance to the elderly is practiced in a home environment, which does not exclude their placement in a hospital. In recent years, such new forms of care in boarding schools as day hospitals, periodic courses of wellness treatment, a combination of inpatient care with dispensary care, etc. have become widely practiced.
Special attention is paid to housing and household services for the elderly and disabled. And this is quite understandable. According to research by American scientists, about a quarter of the 30 million Americans aged 65 and older are infirm. Home delivery of lunches, bathing in the bath, washing, haircut, laundry, linen change, transportation services, gymnastics with the help of an instructor, repair and improvement of apartments, organization of cultural events and leisure, etc. are practiced. In addition, a large adaptation training is provided for the disabled (training in the use of various technical and other means, the arrangement of apartments with special devices, the creation of certain conditions for the use of transport, the provision of transport services, etc.).
According to American researchers, it consists in the fact that older Americans (12% of the population) account for a third of all national health care spending. At the same time, more than 30 million citizens at a younger age do not have health insurance. Therefore, an attempt to further increase spending on the older generation (and they are really needed) may aggravate the generational conflict, which cannot be allowed.
There are a lot of interesting things in the country in social work with children. Special institutions of social assistance to children provide (for low-income families free of charge) the following services:
- organization of special professional training groups for parents;
- providing supervision of children of parents working in the daytime and in the evening;
- creation of services for unmarried mothers at urban health centers;
- creation and support of services for the protection of children exposed to violence;
- creating and inspecting orphanages, working with foster families, monitoring the adaptation of a child in a new family;
- development of social services to help children get an education, to help parents in household management.
Similar services are provided to other families, but for a fee. In extreme situations, the services take care of children regardless of the level of family income. The task of children's social services also includes issues of adoption of orphaned children.
As in a number of other countries, in the United States, social services for the mentally retarded are provided both in psychiatric hospitals and boarding schools, and in specialized hospitals and dispensaries, as well as outpatient. At the same time, special attention is paid to work with underage minors.
In the USA, as in a number of other Western countries, the following work is carried out with children who have fled from home and homeless; shelters and dormitories are functioning; individual and group consultations, conversations with parents are held with the aim of returning the child to the family; assistance is provided to families reunited with children, etc. There is also a helpline service in the USA that provides free services for young fugitives.
Social work with adult offenders and adolescents of the "risk group" in the USA is based on a number of programs: basic police programs (they, in particular, provide for the functioning of police sports clubs in order to attract minors to useful cases); basic programs of juvenile courts (they provide mainly for the rehabilitation of these persons); basic programs schools. The latter are divided into two groups: programs for ordinary special schools designed for "difficult" and convicted teenagers.
The Youth Social Services Bureaus established in 1967 act as intermediaries and monitor the activities of service organizations in order to meet the needs of minors. Some such bureaus (for example, in California and other states) provide services themselves.
If we keep in mind social work with full families, then we can note the widespread development of self-help groups and support groups in the country, united in the organization "Parents without a partner". It unites more than 210 thousand people, most of whom (65%) are divorced women from the middle strata of society. Support groups at the level of socio-territorial communities consist of 12-15 people. The main areas of work of these groups are the exchange of pedagogical experience, assistance in spending weekends and vacations, organization of legal assistance in solving various life problems, etc.
In the USA, there is a huge experience of social work by various categories of the population, but even here there are a considerable number of acute social problems and issues that are relevant to this day.
2. Situation nowadays
А. The issue of the protection of racial and ethnic minorities
One of the important problems of American society remains the problem of social protection of racial and ethnic minorities of the country. This includes people at the lowest levels of social life, mainly black Americans, American Indians, Alaska natives, Americans of Latin American and Asian descent. As noted at the international conference (GASBU, February 1993), since the declaration of independence, there has been systematic discrimination and exclusion, in particular, of Blacks from the "pillar road" of economic life. The conditions in which the majority of blacks live cause an increase in the mortality rate among men, as well as infant and child mortality. Widespread widowhood in most families with one female parent among blacks has been taking place since 1880. By the 90s of this century, the share of families with single mothers in this population group increased significantly — from 22% in 1960 to 44% in 1990. Of course, the number of families with single mothers also increased among the white population, but their share is lower and is mainly the result of a large number of divorces. The reason for raising children alone by many black mothers is, as a rule, due to their illegitimate birth.
Poverty and unemployment, which are most common in racial, ethnic and religious minorities, have the most adverse effect on the structure of families, the situation of children in these groups. The breakdown of families, the stress caused by unemployment, give impetus to such negative phenomena as alcoholism, mental disorders, suicide, flight, homelessness of children, teenage pregnancy, prostitution, etc.
Practical work with ethnic minorities is based on the concept of a "dual approach". Its essence lies, on the one hand, in the conscious and systematic perception and study of values, attitudes and behavioral characteristics inherent in a larger social structure, and on the other, in their comparison with similar characteristics related to the client's immediate family and community environment.
The practice of social work with ethnic groups in the United States is based, firstly, on the values inherent in social work in general, secondly, on an understanding of ethnic realities, thirdly, on a professional approach, and fourthly, on practical experience. In other words, these concepts imply the need to adapt the general foundations and methods of social work to the ethnic realities of the country.
B. The problem of social inequality
The United States completes the list of developed countries on the index of economic inequality. In 2015, for the first time in the history of the States, the middle class was a minority, and for those who decided to start their own business, it is minimal. The twenty richest people in America own more than 152 million poor Americans. The average family has about $16,000 in debt, and 41% of the population cannot pay medical bills.
Since the middle of the last century, the income of wealthy families in America has grown by 90%, while the income of the poorest segments of the population has increased by only 10%. Only 25% of billionaires own $1 trillion in assets, which exceeds the total savings of more than half of Americans (56%). The share of citizens receiving food stamps has increased. For 15% of Americans in 2014, coupons became the main factor of survival against the background of total unemployment. In 2015, not a single person worked in 19% of families, although official data indicate 5% unemployment.
The poor in the United States are officially persons whose annual income does not exceed the "poverty line". It is determined based on the cost of goods and services necessary to meet the most minimal living needs. The incomes of over a third of the poor in the United States are less than 50 percent of the amount defined as the "poverty line". The bulk of the poorest population in the United States is currently women and children.
С. Racial conflicts
One of the most acute domestic political problems of the United States, rooted in the deep past of the country, is the racial problem. Racial conflicts have always existed in the United States — this problem is still widespread today. In words, absolute equality is declared, but in practice this is not observed, so the authorities are trying, if not to eliminate, then at least to mask inequality. Human rights activists, for example, demand to remove the indication of race from the reports, because criminal news mainly features blacks and Latinos.
The persistent discrimination in hiring and firing is evidenced by the persistent gap between white and colored Americans. Racial and ethnic groups are subjected to systematic discrimination in wages, in education, before Hispanic Americans, Indians and representatives of other groups who have retained their native language as the main means of communication in the family and within their ethnic group, the problem of language discrimination is acute. The broad masses of Americans of color are practically deprived of access to quality medical care. The result of the struggle of racial and ethnic groups for their rights that has unfolded since the second half of the 60s has been a significant expansion of their political representation.
Sometimes the desire for equality is expressed in the oppression of the white population. For example, in New York in 2014, an educational program for gifted children was closed, because officials did not think it was politically correct enough that mainly white children participated in it.
D. Lack of social guarantees
A serious social problem in the USA is the lack of guarantees for citizens at the federal level. There are no unified programs, but there are many large and small forms of targeted support across states and communities. These programs make it possible to partially compensate for the lack of material resources to meet the minimum needs of the family. The conditions for receiving social assistance are confirmed low income, absence of one of the parents or unemployment.
E. Problems in education
The current education system in the United States is aimed at serving the consumer society. For many Americans, the only way to get a higher education is to participate in a loan program. Even universities that are not among the top hundred educational institutions in the country are very expensive, and education becomes an unbearable burden for young people financially.
Education in the USA is one of the most expensive in the world, but the overall level of education remains very low. A survey conducted in 2015, for example, showed that the majority had not heard anything about the tragedy in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
F. Deterioration of citizens' health
Medical insurance is very expensive, and it is extremely difficult to get dental and general medical care without a card. Filling one tooth, for example, costs from up to two hundred dollars, and more complex treatment can cost several thousand. This is a serious problem of the United States against the background of the general deterioration of the nation's health. Obesity and mental disorders are common.
G. The migration problem
The problem of US development is migration. Against the background of protests from ordinary citizens, the government is increasingly thinking about the need to impose entry restrictions. This is especially true for refugees from the Middle East and Muslim countries. In contrast, there is an opinion that this is unacceptable for a free country, but throughout almost the entire history of the States, migrants have been repeatedly harassed.
What problems in the United States are constantly covered in the media? This is the behavior of American police officers who, for the sake of ensuring their own safety, are forced not to stand on ceremony with people who have committed minor crimes. Minimal disobedience can lead to an aggressive reaction, and a hint of possession of a weapon — fire to kill. Tear gas, rubber bullets, pepper spray, and shot pads are used to suppress mass protests. The United States leads in the number of cases of brutality by law enforcement officials. American police officers shot almost a thousand people in 2017.
I. Crime and suicide
The problems of the US economy are suicide and crime against the background of economic and social ill—being, respectively. Crime is mainly concentrated in the ghetto. In the southern states, the problem is the concentration of a large number of Latinos, who are often in the country on illegal grounds. Many of them do not speak English. There are 33 thousand gangs in the country, which consist of almost 1.5 million people. It turns out that one bandit accounts for about 230 people. That's the way things are, according to official FBI data.
Suicides are common in the army, sodomy, sexual promiscuity and drunkenness also flourish in the troops. 349 soldiers committed suicide in 2012. Stress and depressive moods, financial and legal problems push people to this step. Almost every day, one of the American soldiers takes his own life. At the same time, fewer soldiers died in punitive operations in Afghanistan in 2012 (about 300). For the sake of justice, it should be noted that there are suicides in the armies of other countries of the world, including in Russia. But in the Russian Federation there are much fewer of them than in the States, and most suicides are committed by conscripts in disadvantaged units.
J. The general anxiety of the nation
The problem of the USA is a significant general anxiety of the population. Americans are actively buying up places in various bomb shelters and bunkers, which are designed to protect against destruction by economic, nuclear and biological weapons. Demand has increased after the devastating tsunami in Japan and the war in Libya. It should be noted that most bunkers will not protect Americans from the conditions of modern war.
New approaches to social policy in the USA
A. Solving the problem of preserving ethnic minorities
National minorities in the United States include such groups that have been persecuted and discriminated against, and are also victims of prejudice. American Indians fall under these definitions, despite the fact that historically they are "the only real Americans." The population census in America over the past decades has clearly shown that an important criterion for a person's belonging to a national minority and, in fact, determining his ethnic identity is his self-identification, or self-writing. In recent decades, the issue of self-identification has become very relevant in the United States, especially for Native Americans, which is explained by a number of changes that have occurred both in the ethno-cultural policy of the state towards them and in their national identity. This allowed researchers to christen the period that began in the second half of the XX century, the "Great Awakening" (Great Awakening) and separately highlight one of its directions, called the "Indian Renaissance" (Indian Renaissance), directly related to the flourishing of national cultures and literatures. At the same time, this phenomenon cannot be considered in isolation from the growth of political activity of the aboriginal population.
Issues of protecting the rights and interests of minorities in the United States have been dealt with relatively recently. Several centuries earlier, most of these groups faced many difficulties, including at the legislative level.
If in general everything is quite clear with the definition of national minorities, then in particular with the definition of "Indians" there are significant difficulties. In the scientific world, the term "Native Americans", which appeared in the 1960s, is more commonly used, although the Indians themselves more often call themselves "American Indians" (American Indians, or Natives). The above terms are largely generalizing, and in most cases, Native Americans, when speaking about their ethnicity, indicate the tribe to which they belong, or several tribes if mixed blood flows in their veins.
Currently, American legislation provides equal rights for all its citizens, without assigning any special rights to representatives of a particular ethnic group (with the exception of Native Americans, who have some additional privileges due to their special historical situation). Moreover, such consolidation of group rights is considered as a violation of anti-discrimination norms. Despite all the measures taken in this direction, ethnic cultures to this day continue to be in the position of marginal, i.e. peripheral.
According to the 2000 census, 34% of Native Americans live on reservations - lands with a special status. The first reservation appeared even earlier than the USA itself - in 1638 on the territory of the state of Connecticut for the Quinnipiac tribe, but officially the policy of creating reservations began to be carried out since 1786. The government needed not only to provide the Indians with territories for living and farming, but also to try to avoid territorial conflicts and disputes over the boundaries of these lands, as well as to find a more convenient way to control the indigenous population. Most of the reservations appeared during the contractual period of the American-Indian policy pursued from 1777 to 1871, when "tribes were often persuaded or forced to cede most of their ancestral territories, leaving a much smaller part behind them," but over time other ways of their creation were outlined.
Currently, there are 278 federally recognized Indian reservations in 32 states in the United States and about 25 full-time ones, i.e. created by resolutions of individual states (see Appendix 3), while in 1908 there were only 161 of them. One tribe may have several reservations, while another may not have them at all. A number of reservations exceed even some states in size. The largest of them - the Navajo Reservation (17 million acres, which corresponds to ~ 7 million hectares) - is located on the territory of the modern states of Arizona, New Mexico and Utah.
Despite the "cultural shock" experienced by Native Americans in connection with their relocation to reservations, community living helps them not only to support each other, but also to preserve their traditions, culture, share experiences, passing all this on to subsequent generations.
And yet, at present, the majority of Indians - 64% - live in cities. First of all, for them, as well as for representatives of all other ethnic minorities, a whole set of laws continues to operate, usually combined under the name "positive actions" (or "positive measures" - "affirmative action"). This is a political program aimed at eliminating racial discrimination in employment and education. In addition to federal laws, many states have additional laws designed to combat discrimination. Of course, this has had a positive impact both on the self-consciousness of the indigenous population of the United States and on the ethno-cultural policy of the state towards it.
B. Social support programs for the population
The presence of vertical elevators, the stability of democracy and the rule of law in modern American society — these opportunities to achieve their personal (rather family) success still look attractive to representatives of the social grassroots and immigrants from countries with different levels of development who have received different (including very good) education. But there is no denying the existence of a serious contradiction between the level of economic development of the United States and such deep inequality. In recent decades, the situation in this area has changed dramatically, and according to a number of indicators, the level of social inequality has again become the same as in the 1920s.
It seems that due to the need to support the reproduction of the labor force of both parties (although in different ways), he was forced to constantly solve the most acute social problems: to provide an opportunity to buy his own housing for poor segments of the population and provide medical care to about 1/5 of the population who themselves cannot buy insurance due to insufficient income. In fairness, we note that such larger—scale social tasks began to be solved in the United States precisely when the external threat from the Warsaw Bloc was removed — in the early 1990s. It was quite logical to switch the country's free resources from military purposes to social ones. The "peace dividend" was also expressed in a reduction in military spending and taxes.
During the presidency of B. Clinton, programs were launched to provide inexpensive, but own housing for those (lower) middle class strata who, due to their financial situation, could not receive it in the usual way. We will add expanding access to education and improving its quality. These measures to correct the historically established discrimination of a part of the population or the current inequality in the most visible social aspects had enormous economic and socio-political consequences.
Recently, several preferential social programs have been developed in the United States to support the population:
Medicare и Medicaid. These terms mean two programs aimed at providing medical care to the population. As you know, the services of medical workers in the United States are quite expensive, which makes them inaccessible to many citizens of the country. These programs are designed to make them more accessible, compensating for some of the costs. Their financing is carried out from the federal budget, and the main condition for participation in them is insurance. The Medicare program is intended for US citizens who have turned 65 and provides them with the possibility of insurance.
The second part is intended to cover the costs of visiting medical specialists, their services during outpatient treatment, as well as to pay for the services of independent laboratories. Former President of the United States Barack Obama significantly expanded the program, which allowed its participants to compensate from 60 to 75% of the cost of medical services.
SNAP и SSDI. Other popular government support programs in the United States are SNAP and SSDI. The first abbreviation stands for the program of purchase of preferential products, which allows unprotected categories of citizens to purchase food.
The program is funded from the federal budget and assumes that US citizens who have no income or are too low can receive special cards. They contain an amount that can be spent exclusively on food at retail outlets with a special mark "EBT".
Only a citizen whose monthly income does not exceed $ 2,000 can count on such assistance, and the subsidy from the state will be about $ 500, depending on the number of family members. It is important to take into account that the funds on such "coupon cards" cannot be spent on household chemicals and other goods, only on products.
SSDI is social insurance against disability. It is designed to provide additional income for people with disabilities. Like many other programs, SSD is funded from the federal budget and is the same for all regions.
Subject to sufficient work experience and deductions of funds in favor of this program, a citizen will be able to count on monthly payments when receiving a disability. They are constantly indexed, and their size directly depends on the length of service and the total amount of deductions of the consumer. As a rule, the average monthly allowance for this program is slightly more than $ 1,000.
Worker’s compensation, SCCP и HUD. The basis of the US insurance system is compensation for occupational injuries, injuries and disability during the performance of their official duties. The program works in several directions at once and affects not only people affected at work, but also their children.
Program participants can count on:
- For salary compensation for the duration of treatment and rehabilitation.
- Payment of medical bills.
- Assistance and assistance for returning to work.
- Other payments.
Thus, this program allows all working citizens of the country to be confident in providing them with financial assistance in case of emergency situations at work that have caused injury or disability of an employee.
The SCCP seems to be a popular program for supporting young parents, which guarantees subsidies for families with young children. But it provides that its participants must have a small income below the poverty level.
The SCCP program compensates for part of the costs of kindergarten, and also provides assistance in the employment of parents in positions with a higher salary. This makes it possible to improve the financial situation of the family.
Another social program designed to help low-income families is HUD, which is conducted by the Ministry of Housing and Development. It is implemented at the federal level and allows people with a lower-than-average income to obtain permanent residence.
The program is primarily aimed at US citizens who took part in hostilities, as well as their immediate relatives. As part of the program, the government is building economy-class housing, which low-income families can afford to purchase or rent.
Private foundation programs. In addition to federal and regional measures to support the population, there are many private foundations in the United States that allow improving the living conditions of those in need. First of all, this is the Food pantry, which is organized, most often, by religious organizations.
The program provides that citizens in need can receive food packages at the church on a certain day of the week. Funding is provided by donations from parishioners. Other programs of private charitable organizations are implemented on a similar principle.
They allow you to get the necessary food, clothing, as well as partially reimburse utility bills, which allows every US resident to receive the necessary support in a difficult financial situation.
С. Fighting crime.
The countries of Western democracy have the richest experience in the field of combating
crime, including organized crime, including the practice of implementing a variety of recommendations of criminologists, the features of this fight are related to the fact that it involves not only the definition of the phenomenon of organized crime and its forms, the integration of international and national systems specifically focused on the complex counteraction of organized crime, but also the formation of strategies and tactics of law enforcement agencies.
In this regard, the US experience in the fight against organized crime is of particular interest. In the United States, the phenomenon of organized crime began to be investigated at the beginning of the last century, in particular, in 1931, the Wickersham Presidential Commission studied American crime by order of President Hoover and in 1967 – the Commission for the study of crime, created by President Johnson.
The most significant fact (turning point) in the fight against organized crime was the adoption in the USA in 1970 RICO Law (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations) – the law on combating organized crime. However, it took a considerable time for the provisions of this law to be actively used by law enforcement agencies, which began around 1982.
The fight against organized crime in The USA is considered as one of the most important (strategic) areas of activity of the country's law enforcement agencies and is based on the development and implementation of a system of special organizational, preventive and law enforcement measures to control crime, understandable and widely known to the population of the country. In turn, in the system of legal measures, an important place is occupied by criminal law, criminal procedure, penal enforcement, fiscal financial, operational investigative measures, a number of which have no analogues in other countries. So, the goals and objectives of law enforcement agencies in this direction are formulated in the "Strategy for the Fight of Law Enforcement agencies against international organized Crime".
In January 2010, the United States Government completed a comprehensive review of international organized crime and concluded that over the past for 15 years, international organized crime has dramatically expanded in size, scope and influence, posing a significant threat to national and international security.
July 25, 2011 U.S. President B. Obama signed a decree and a number of orders providing for the introduction of new sanctions against international crime, as well as aimed at protecting the national security of the United States. The main provisions of the "Strategy of Struggle" were brought to the attention of the public combating transnational organized crime"
The Strategy sets out 56 priority actions in key areas that the United States intends to implement in order to reduce the impact of transnational organized crime inside and outside the country, to reduce it from a threat to national security to a manageable public security problem in the United States and in strategic regions around the world. Among other things we are talking about obtaining high-quality intelligence information, protecting the financial system, improving the effectiveness of investigation and prosecution, developing international cooperation, etc.
Conclusions
The development of social work in any country is inextricably linked with numerous socio-economic and socio-political phenomena taking place in this country. When society developed, it underwent significant changes: social relations changed, new social institutions appeared, and at the same time new social contradictions and problems appeared that required new approaches to solving. This is exactly how the development of social work went.
In each country, the social sphere system has developed differently. Here a lot depended on which social issues were most relevant for a given country. Also important were the factors of the socio-political structure of the country, its economic development, social values, cultural characteristics. The social work system in the USA is one of the oldest in the world, which began to take shape since the second half of the 19th century. From that moment to the present day, the country has experienced many social changes and social crises. This simultaneously became a test for the country and enriched the experience of solving many social problems, which improved and developed the entire American social sphere system.
However, even a country with such a colossal historical experience and huge opportunities has not been able to fully solve many social problems that have plagued American society for many years: racial conflicts, problems of social inequality, problems with migrants, socio-economic instability and many others. Recently, the crisis of traditional values has become a painful problem for the United States, which has recently been subjected to a sharp revision, which cannot but cause misunderstanding of fairly broad segments of the population, provoking new social contradictions.
Despite serious achievements in the social sphere, the United States is far from being called an ideal state. The country is still haunted and troubled by many "old diseases", as well as difficulties and contradictions of the new time have been added. Therefore, the relevance of solving social problems in the United States at the moment remains more important than ever, and the field of professional social work has many tasks to solve in order to bring the country closer to prosperity.
References
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