In pairs, discuss what you should or shouldn't do to protect your data. Use the suggestions below.
Capacity, storage, archiving, hold, secondary
1. There are basically three types of magnetic_________ device available to the computer user – hard drives, diskettes and tapes.
2. The_______ of a 3.5 floppy disk is only 1.44MB.
3. Hard drives can ________ hundreds of times more data than floppy disks
4. A portable hard drive is a good choice for________ storage.
5. Magnetic tapes are used for_______ information that you no longer need to use regularly.
2. Read the text and translate.
Magnetic storage
Magnetic storage devices store data by magnetizing particles on a disk or tape.
| The inside of a hard drive |
A floppy disk is so called because it consists of a flexible sheet of plastic, coated with iron oxide— a magnetizable material. A floppy disk drive spins at 360 revolutions per minute (rpm), so it's relatively slow. However, a hard drive spins at over 7,200 rpm and stores data on
 Fig. 1
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a stack of metal I Head actuatorl rotating disks called platters. This means you can store much more data and retrieve information much faster.
New disks need to be formatted before you can use them, unless they come preformatted from the manufacturer. When the disk is formatted, the operating system (OS) organizes the disk surface into circular tracks and divides each track into. The OS creates a directory which will record the specific location of files. When you save a file, the OS moves the read/write head of the drive towards empty sectors, records the data and writes an entry for the directory. Later on, when you open that file, the OS looks for its entry in the directory, moves the read/write heads to the correct sector, and reads the file in the RAM area. However, formatting erases any existing files on a disk, so do not format disks on which data that you don't want to lose is stored.
The OS allows you to create one or more partitions on your hard drive, in effect dividing it into several logical parts. Partitions let you install more than one operating system (e.g. Windows and Linux) on your computer. You may also decide to split your hard drive because you want to store the OS and programs on one partition and your data files on another; this allows you to reinstall the OS when a problem occurs, without affecting the data partition.
The average time required for the read/ write heads to move and find data is called seek time (or access time) and it is measured in milliseconds (ms); most hard drives have a seek time of 7 to 14 ms. Don't confuse this with transfer rate - the average speed required to transmit data from the disk to the CPU, measured in megabytes per second.
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How to protect your hard drive
■ Don't hit or move the computer while the hard drive is spinning. Hard drives are very sensitive to vibration and shocks, especially when they are operating; when the read/write head touches the rotating disk, it can scratch and damage the disk surface. This is known as head crash.
■ You shouldn't turn your computer off and on quickly. Wait at least ten seconds to ensure that the drive has stopped spinning.
Check your hard drive regularly for logical and physical errors. To check and repair a drive, you can use a disk diagnosis utility like Windows ScanDisk.
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| Toshiba's 1.8" hard drive; mini hard drives are used in small gadgets, such as PDAs and wristwatches |
■ To minimize the risk of data loss or corruption, you should install an up-to-date virus scanner. You should also back up your hard drive regularly.
3. Read the text again and decide whether these sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones.
1 A hard drive spins at the same speed as a floppy disk drive.
2 If you format a hard drive that has files on it, the files will be deleted.
3 Hard drives cannot be partitioned to run separate operating systems on the same disk.
4 Seek time and transfer rate mean the same thing.
5 Disk drives are not shock resistant, especially in operating mode.
| 4. Match these words (1-5) with the definitions (a-e). |
1) formatted 2) directory 3) read/write head 4) head crash 5)back up
a) a file system that defines the structure for keeping track of the files
b) the part of a drive that reads and records data on a disk
c) to make a copy of data or software in case the original disk is damaged
d) initialized; when the tracks and sectors on magnetic disks are set
e) a serious disk malfunction; when the read/write head touches the rotating disk
5. Look at the HELP box and then match the instructions (1-6) with the pictures (a-f).
1 Do not expose discs to heat or direct sunlight.
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2 Check for viruses before opening files you receive from the Web or via email.
3 Make backup copies of your files.
4 Don't shake or move the computer violently while the hard drive is spinning.
5 Keep your discs away from water and humidity.
6 Hold discs by the edges, or by one edge and the centre hole.
Help box
• We use the imperative to give precautions and warnings.
Check your hard drive regularly for logical and physical errors.
... formatting erases any existing files on a disk, so do not format disks on which data that you don't want to lose is stored.
• We use should + infinitive without to to give advice or to talk about what we think is right.
... you should install an up-to- date virus scanner.
• We use shouldn't + infinitive without to to give advice or to talk about what we think is wrong.
You shouldn't turn your computer off and on quickly.
Hometask
In pairs, discuss what you should or shouldn't do to protect your data. Use the suggestions below.
Example: discs on top of each other (stack)
You shouldn't stack discs on top of each other./Don't stack discs on top of each other.
1 your anti-virus program regularly, since new viruses are created everyday (update)
2 discs in a protective case (store)
3 passwords and security devices to protect confidential information (use)
4 on discs with permanent marker pens (write)
5 the disc into the disc drive carefully (insert)
6 floppies or hard drives near magnets; they can damage the data stored on them (leave) Note: disc (optical media); disk (magnetic storage media)
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