I. Mark if the following statements: T) correspond to the contents of the text; F) do not correspond to the contents of the text
1. The origin of chocolate is still unknown.
2. The Mexicans added some aromatic herbs in chocolate.
3. Spanish people enjoyed sweet taste of chocolate.
4. Chocolate was available for everybody in the 17th century.
5. A special machine for making chocolate was invented in 1828.
6. To get a bar of chocolate, you should add cocoa butter to chocolate.
7. A Swiss chocolate maker made the first chocolate bar.
8. Milk chocolate is a mixture of milk and cocoa butter.
9. The health-giving aspect of chocolate is quite arguable question.
10. Chocolate stimulates the digestive system of animals.
II. Multiple choice.
1. How did people first consume chocolate?
a) As a sweet drink.
b) As a bitter drink.
c) In cakes and pastries.
2. Why did Linnaeus name the plant Theobroma?
a) Because chocolate was so rare.
b) Because he believed it to be a present from heaven.
c) Because he believed it to be “food of the gods”.
3. Who was Montezuma?
a) He was the king from Mexico.
b) He was the emperor of Mexico.
c) He was the explorer from Mexico.
4. Who made the first powdered chocolate?
a) Linnaeus.
b) Montezuma.
c) van Houten.
5. Which people eat the most chocolate per person?
a) The Dutch.
b) The Swiss.
c) The Mexicans.
6. A divine gift is
a) a chocolate gift
b) a gift from God.
c) a delicious gift.
7. Pastries are
a) chocolate candy bars.
b) bitter-tasting drinks.
c) sweet baked goods.
8. What are recipes?
a) Herbs and species.
b) Chocolate powders.
c) Food ingredients.
9. When you prevent something, you
a) do not let it happen.
b) do not discuss it.
c) do not stop it.
10. If something is toxic it is
a) disgusting.
b) poisonous.
c) harmless.
Text #37 Lake Disaster.
Rikki Mbaza has a very English name but his part of central Africa is suffering from a problem that few in England would have to put up with: a lack of rain so acute that Rikki's livelihood is literally evaporating away.
"I would love to have the English weather here in Chad. Then the lake would not go away."
Rikki Mbaza lives in the town of Bol near the shores of Lake Chad, a lake that has shrunk by 90% in the last 40 years. A lack of rain is only one of many culprits being blamed for this emerging disaster.
"I am a fisherman. For me, it is like watching my life draining away every day. The fishing is getting worse and worse in the lake. They are getting smaller and I think the fish breeding has been disrupted by the reduction in area and in depth." Lake Chad is only a metre deep in most places.
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Rikki struggles now to provide enough food and income for his wife Achta and their four children. Achta has had to take up pottery in her spare time in order to try and boost the amount of money coming into the household every month.
"Our rent doesn't go down with the level of the lake unfortunately," Mbaza complains. "We still have six mouths to feed but I need assistance from the government. They have left me to fend for myself in a desperate situation."
While one can understand Rikki Mbaza's frustration with his government, his accusatory tone is perhaps a little unfair. The Chad government has often seemed like a powerless, rudderless boat caught in the storm of international politics.
Angela Muscovite at the Center For African Politics at UCLA sees little reason for optimism in the case of the shrinking lake in the African heartland. "The story of Chad Lake is a modern day environmental tragedy. This is a body of water that, in 1960 was over 25,000 km2 in size - now it's less than 10% of that."
"It has been so over-exploited and it is an issue the whole international community, obviously more so those governments in Africa, need to co-operate on to find a resolution. And that isn't going to happen any time soon. By the time it does, they'll be arguing over a puddle in the middle of the desert. It's sad but that's how I see things panning out."
The guilty parties, as so often in these cases, blame each other for the problems that now beset the lake. Charlie Vaughan, who teaches Environmental Science at Cambridge University in Britain, explains why the lake is going the way of the Dodo. "The main culprit is geography funnily enough. Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon all lay claim to the waters of this lake and you only need a five metre shoreline to be able to extract water from it. The whole area has been a target for massive irrigation schemes over the last couple of decades with each country's agricultural ministry blaming the other three for the problems. In an area with plentiful rainfall, it wouldn't be so much of a problem. This is a dry area."
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None of this gesturing and buck-passing will help Rikki, Achta and their four children in the near future. "I am learning how to fix cars. I don't think cars will be disappearing soon and will certainly last longer than this lake will," muses the glum-looking fisherman. "There won't be any more fishermen in this area in ten years." And with that, he says he has to go and study how to remove and repair brake pads.
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