THE BRITISH SYSTEM OF SOCIAL WELFARE
The British social welfare system comprises the National Health Service,the personal social services, and social security. The National Health Service provides a comprehensive range of medical services which are available to all residents, irrespective of means. Local authority personal social services and voluntary organizations provide help and advice to the most vulnerable members of the community. These include elderly people, disable people and children in need of care. The social security system is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need by providing income during periods of inability to earn ( including periods of unemployment ), help for families and assistance with costs arising from disablement.
Central government is directly responsible for the National Health Service, administered by a range of health authorities and boards throughout Britain acting as its agents, and for the social security system. It has an indirect responsibility for the personal social services administered by local authorities. Joint finance and planning between health and local authorities aim to prevent overlapping of services and to encourage the development of community services.
Planned spending on social welfare in 1989-1990 was : health over & 25,000 million and personal social services over & 4,800 million ( together representing some 15 per cent of general government expenditure ); and social security benefits some & 51,000 million ( 31 per cent ).
Expenditure on the health service has increased substantially in real terms since 1990, and current spending is planned to grow further. More patients are now being treated than ever before. Spending on social security is rising because of increased numbers of beneficiaries, especially retirement pensioners, the long-term sick and disabled, and the unemployed, and the value of retirement and most other long-term benefits has been increased in real terms since 1990. Major reforms to the social security system have been introduced under the Social Security Act 1986; these are designed to provide a clearer, simpler system more capable of meeting genuine need. Spending on the personal social services is determined by local authorities, and while constraints are placed by central government on the total expenditure of individual local authorities, spending has risen substantially in real terms since the late 1990s, thus reflecting the priority given to this sector.
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Vocabulary to the text. Try to memorise it.
1) the personal social services – адресные социальные услуги
2) voluntary organizations – добровольные организации
3) disable people – нетрудоспособные граждане
4) periods of unemployment – периоды безработицы
5) to prevent overlapping of services – предотвратить дублирование услуг
6) community services – общественные услуги
7) social welfare – социальное обеспечение
8) planned spending – запланированные расходы
9) social security benefits – пособия по социальному обеспечению
10) expenditure on the health service - расходы на здравоохранение
11) to treat patients – лечить пациентов
12) general government expenditure – основные правительственные расходы
13) security benefits – пособия по социальному обеспечению
14) beneficiaries – лица, получающие пособия, льготы
15) retirement pensioners – пенсионеры по старости или по выслуге лет
16) the value of retirement – размер пенсии
17) current spending – текущие расходы
18) a comprehensive range of medical services – широкий диапазон мед. Услуг
19) irrespective of means – независимо от средств
20) inability to earn – неспособность зарабатывать
Read the following words and define their meanings.
Social, system, national, service, personal, medical, resident, local, organization, basic, standard, financial, central, agent, planning, million, per cent, general, real, pensioner, reform, act, total, undividual, reflect, sector.
Form nouns of the following verbs.
V + ment – N
To treat - _____________________
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To govern - ______________________
To retire - ___________________________
To employ - _____________________________
V + ion – N
To direct - ________________
To prevent - ________________
To act - ______________________
Form adverbs of the following adjectives.
Adj + ly – Adv
Direct - _________________
Substantial - _______________
Social - _______________________
Pick out in the text all the expressions with the following words and give their Russian equivalents.
System - ________________
Service (s) - ______________
Expenditure - _________________
Government - _________________
Health - _____________________
Spending - ___________________
Find in the text the English equivalents for the following phrases.
Make up sentences on your own.
1. адресные социальные услуги
2. медицинские службы ( услуги )
3. путем обеспечения дохода
4. наиболее незащищенные члены общества
5. пожилые люди
6. нетрудоспособные люди
7. дети,нуждающиеся в опеке,попечении
8. безработица
9. помощь в связи с возросшими материальными потребностями из-за нетрудоспособности
10. система социального обеспечения
11. совместное финансирование и планирование
12. расходы на здравоохранение значительно увеличились
13. ожидается, что текущие расходы возрастут
14. люди,болеющие продолжительное время
15. долговременные пособия
Translate the sentences into English making use of the active vocabulary.
2. Британское правительство разработало различные программы, нацеленные на оказание социальных услуг.
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3. Расходы на здравоохранение и социальные услуги несет государство.
4. Правительство провело реформы по улучшению материального обеспечения таких социальных групп , как нетрудоспособные граждане, люди пожилого возраста и дети, нуждающиеся в опеке.
5. Бюджет на здравоохранение значительно возрос с 1990 г.
6. Центральное правительство непосредственно ответственно за Национальную службу здравоохранения.
7. В настоящее время большее количество пациентов, чем когда-либо прежде, получает лечение.
8. Число лиц, получающих пособия, значительно увеличилось в последние годы.
9. Расходы на адресные социальные услуги определяются местными органами власти.
Answer the following questions.
7. What does the British social welfare system comprise ?
8. What organizations provide help and advice to the most vulnerable members of the community ?
9. What categories of people refer to the most vulnerable members of community ?
10. What is the central government responsible for ?
11. Since what year has the expenditure on the health service increased ?
12. What major reforms to the social security system have been introduced under the Social Security Act ?
13. What authorities are responsible for the personal services administration ?
14. Spending on what services has risen substantially in real terms since the late 1990s ?
Text 1. Marriage
1. In all societies there are rules that determine how men and women may live together and raise their children. In Western civilization, it has become the general custom for those of marriageable age to find the mates. Formerly choices were limited. Royalty could marry only royalty. Even among commoners there were strict social strata within which marriage was permissible.
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2. In many non-Western societies today, marriage is thought to be principally the business of the two families who are joined by the alliance. Such matters as family, position and wealth are considered more important than the individual choice of the boy and girl, who often do not see each other before their marriage.
3. In every society there are rules about who may be married to whom. Marriages between close relatives are forbidden universally. In India, one may marry someone of his own caste but may not marry anyone born in his own village.
4. Most peoples of Europe and America insist that a marriage be between one man and one woman. This type of marriage is called monogamy. Many non-Western cultures permit plural marriages. Usually these allow one man to have several wives (polygamy), but in a few societies a woman may have more than one husband (polyandry). Both types of plural marriages are referred to as polygamy. In still fewer societies group marriages occur. Group or plural marriages are usually controlled by the economic conditions in the society.
5. In polygamy a man is allowed to have as many wives as he can support, or in the opposite situation a woman may be permitted more than one husband only if one husband is not able to support her. In practically all societies marriages may be broken through the process of divorce.
1. How many wives is a man in polygamy allowed to have?
2. In what way may marriages be broken?
3. Are marriages getting younger nowadays?
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