Reproduction and Life-Cycle of the Perch
The egg-laying, or spawning, takes place in spring when the weather is warm (the end of April and early May). The Perch gather in great shoals in shallow quiet backwaters overgrown with weeds where the water is sufficiently warm.
The eggs laid by the female remain glued together in long strings which hang on the weeds. The males excrete jellied fluid containing sperms.
Once realized into the water, the sperms swim actively towards the eggs; the different cells fuse and fertilization takes place. The nuclei and protoplasm of the sperms and ova unite. Two cells merge into one giving rise to- a new living organism.
The fertilized egg of the Perch divides into two cells. The cells redivide - so that four are formed. This process continues until a multicelled embryo is formed. The embryo develops tissues and organs. In about 5 or 6 days it becomes a small (0,5 cm. long) larval fish, with a yolk sac on its belly - the remainder of the food reserved in the egg for its development. When the supply runs out, the larva feed on microscopically-small weeds, infusorians and tiny crustaceans (Daphnia and Cyclops), and grows into a young fish which is very much like the adult Perch.
Shallow backwaters are most suitable for spawning: the temperature of the water is higher; there are plenty of weeds on which the egg-strings hang; the plants provide a rich supply of oxygen. As a rule, there is no shortage of tiny living organisms for food for larval fish and small fry.
And yet these relatively favourable conditions hold hazards for the development of the young. Some of the eggs may be left underfertilized; many of the eggs are devoured by other animals. Finally, there is always the possibility that the water level will fall due to hot weather, or oxygen supply will prove insufficient.
The only way to escape extinction is the laying of tremendous number of eggs. One ovary which weighs about 200 gr., normally contains between 200,000 and 300,000 eggs. The number of sperms discharged by the male Perch is much greater.
On the other hand, some fishes lay very few eggs, for instance, the Stickleback (only 60 or 70). But these eggs are deposited in nests composed of grass or weeds and are protected by the male.
The behavior of the Perch at spawning time is very complex and may lead to the conclusion that it is even conscious. In fact, it is promoted by a chain of hereditary unconditional reflexes. Everything is performed instinctively.
VOCABULARY:
Spawning- нерест
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Shoal- косяк
Backwaters- заводь
Fertilization- запліднення
Nucleus- ядро
Ovum (pi. ova) - яйце
Yolk sac- жовчний мішок
Crustacean- ракоподібний
Small fry- мальки, молодь
Ovary- яєчник
Stickleback- колюшка
Unconditional reflex- безумовний рефлекс
I. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:
1.What is understood by fertilization? Describe the process using the Perch as an example.
2.What changes does a fertilized ovum undergo in its development?
3.What conditions are essential for the development of the ova and the young fish?
4.Why does the Perch lay so many eggs?
II. GIVE THE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS TO THE FOLLOWING:
Самка,самець, виділяти рідину, зливатися, запліднення, клітина, зародок, бути приданим до нересту, запас кисню, вимирання.
III. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES:
1. The fish gather in great...
2. The female lays …
3. The males excrete …
4. Fertilization takes place like this …
IV. FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THE WORDS GIVEN BELOW:
1. The process of dividing the cells continues until … is formed.
2. It develops … and … .
3. … feeds on the remainders of the food in the egg for its development.
4. Shallow backwaters are most suitable for …
5. The only way to escape … is the laying of tremendous number of eggs.
*organs, extinction, a multicelled embryo, organs, tissues, spawning, a larval fish.
V. PUT THE SENTENCES INTO UKRAINIAN WITHOUT A DICTIONARY AND USE THEM TO RETELL THE TEXT:
1. The egg-laying or spawning takes place in spring.
2. The Perch gather in great shoals in quiet backwaters.
3. The fertilized egg of the Perch divides into two cells.
4. This process continues until a multicelled embryo is formed.
5. This embryo develops tissues and organs.
6. In 5-6 days it becomes a small larval fish and then grows into a young fish.
7. Shallow backwaters are most suitable for spawning.
Text 6
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The Pike and the Sazan
Scientists have described up to 20,000 different species of fish which are living today. Many have been found fossilized - they have lived on our planet but have become extinct.
Some fish inhabit fresh-water rivers and lakes; others prefer the salt water of the seas and oceans. There are fish which keep close to the bottom; others swim nearer the surface. Some are vegetarians adding to their diet slow-moving animals; others catch swiftly swimming prey.
Their different ways of living influence their anatomy. You will notice these differences if you study the general characteristics of a few different species.
The Pike is long and slender and has a big head narrowed at the tip. The Sazan is broad and thick with a small head. The Pike has an enormous mouth equipped with rows of formidable-locking teeth curved backwards. Because of their teeth, pikes should be handled very cautiously even when caught on a fishing line. The Sazan, on the other hand, has a small mouth and teeth.
Why is the difference so great? The explanation is to be found in their diets.
The Pike is carnivorous. It eats fish. You can see it sometimes, motionless among the weeds. As soon as fish along the Pike darts forwards like an arrow, its mouth wide. Pikes have been known to attack ducklings, water rats and other animals. The powerful tail near the soft dorsal fin and the anal fin are attached, as well as the long slender body, help the Pike to swim swiftly in pursuit of its prey. The sharp teeth curved backwards hold the victim so that even the slime covering its body does not help.
The Pike's colour pattern facilitates the pursuit of its greedy and destructive habits, it can easy conceal itself. It is mottled green, with dark bands and difficult to distinguish from the weeds among which it hides when waiting for its prey. The Sazan has different habits. It does not hunt other fish but feeds on a mixed diet of insect larvae, mollusks, worms and even vegetable matter. The Sazan locates its food in the river mud and silt by means of two sensitive feelers on its upper lip. The mouth is small and there are no teeth. There are no need of them. Down in its pharynx are several blunt teeth used to crush the shells of mollusks and grind vegetation.
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The shape of the Sazan's body is also different from that of the agile Pike. It is taller and thicker and the tail is rather weak. The peculiarities in anatomy and habits are due to the fact that their ancestors did not live in identical environments. They ate different food and developed their own methods of obtaining it.
VOCABULARY:
Pike- щука
Fossilize- закам'яніти
Vegetarian- вегетаріанець
Prey- здобича
Formidable- грозний
Carnivorous- хижий
In pursuit of- в погоні за
Curved backwaters- загнуті назад
Mottled green- в зелених плямах
Larvae- личинки
Feeler- щупальце
Pharynx- глотка
Shell- мушля, черепашка
Ancestor- пращур
I. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:
1.What structural peculiarities indicate that the Pike is a greedy and voracious hunter?
2.How is the Sazan distinguished from the Pike?
3.Why are they different?
II. TRUE OR FALSE STATEMENTS:
1. Nowadays the researches still find many species of fish fossilized.
2. Fish can live in the different environments, keep the various diets, but all these factors do not affect their anatomy at all.
3.The Pike and the Sazan belong to the similar species of fish.
4.These fish prefer feeding on the same food, but use different methods of obtaining it.
5.The Pike is a carnivorous fish being able to attack even small birds and animals living in water.
6.The Sazan prefers feeding on insect larvae, mollusks, worm to hunting other fish.
III. WHAT WORDS CAN BE USED TO DESCRIBE THE PIKE AND SAZAN:
Carnivorous, an enormous mouth, a powerful tail, blunt teeth, a soft dorsal fin, sensitive feelers, sharp teeth, a weak tail, to dart forwards, to attack, to crush the shells, long slender body, a small head, broad and thick, vegetable matter.
IV. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE WORDS BELOW THE TEXT AND TRANSLATE:
Curiosities of coral communities, Australian red sea … glow as if electrified. They are not really …. These are inch-long marine …, belonging in the … Amaryllis. The sea fleas … on lacelike bryozoans and polyps of soft…. Their … colour may warn fish and other … to avoid a bad-tasting meal.
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*predators, coals, invertebrates, fleas, arresting, genus=species, graze, fleas.
Text 7
Sardine
Sardine is a member of the herring family and an important food fish. The word «sardine» refers to several groups of fishes. But it is used mainly for such species as the Pacific sardine, the South African sardine, and the European sardine, or pilchard. Other members of the herring family, including sprats and young Atlantic herring, are also sold as sardines.
The name «sardine» was given to the fish because they were first caught near Sardinia, an Italian island in the Mediterranean Sea.
Sardines live in warm ocean waters near the shores of almost all the continents. They are especially plentiful on the coasts of Japan, north-western Africa, and western South America. Sardines average 23 to 30 centimeters in length and about 115 grams in weight. The upper part of their body is blush-grey, and the lower part is silvery. Adult sardines usually swim in large shoals. They feed on small animal and life called plankton.
Most sardine fishing takes place on moonless nights. The movement of sardines disturbs tiny organisms that live near the surface of the sea.
It causes these organisms to produce light by means of a chemical reaction. This light called bioluminescence reveals the presence of sardine schools. Most sardines are caught with a special type of net called a purse seine.
The annual sardine catch worldwide totals about II million tons. Peru is the world's leading sardine-fishing nation, followed by Chile and Japan,
Cans of sardines are a familiar sight on supermarket shelves. Canneries precook sardines and remove part of their natural oil and moisture. Industry uses sardine oil in such products as linoleum, paint and varnish. Some sardines are made into fish meal, which is used in animal feed and fertilizer. Small sardines are used as bait in commercial tuna fishing.
VOCABULARY:
Herring - оселедець
Shore - берег
Plentiful - багатий
To disturb - турбувати
To produce light - світитися
By means of – за допомогою
Net - сітка
To catch - ловити
Catch - улов
Fish meal – рибна мука
Fertilizer - добриво
Bait - наживка
Average - середній
Purse seine – гаманцевий невід
School – косяк
I. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:
1. What fish family does sardine belong to?
2. What is the origin of the word sardine?
3. When does sardine fishing take fish?
4. What do sardines feed on?
5. Where do the people use sardines and what for?
II. FIND THE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS TO THE FOLLOWING WORDS:
Зграя, улов, самець, самиця, рух, наживка, щорічний, волога, масло, ловити, сітка, узбережжя, видаляти, добриво, турбувати.
III. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH:
1. Щука відноситься до хижаків.
2. Вона поїдає інших риб.
3. Міцний хвіст допомагає щуці швидко пливти за своєю здобиччю.
4. Сардини живуть в теплих водах океану, недалеко від берега.
5. Сардини харчуються планктоном.
6. Вилов сардин відбувається вночі, коли не має місяця.
IV. ARRANGE THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH WORDS IN PAIRS OF SYNONYMS:
Tiny, school, small, feed on, shoal, eat, various, learn, main, different, prime, study.
V. READ THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH WORDS AND FIND THEIR UKRAINIAN EQUIVALENTS IN THE RIGHT COLUMN:
Shoal – вплив
Nostril – звичка
Isthmus – ніздря
Silt - харчуватися
Disturb – водорость
Worm – хижий
Habit – перешийок
Feed on – мул
Weed – тубувати
Fin – черв’як
Carnivorous – плавник
Influence – зграя
Capture – хвороба
Disease – добич
Prey–захворювання
Text 8
Shrimp
Shrimp are delicate shellfish related to crabs and lobsters. Shrimp are found in fresh and salt water in nearly all parts of the world. Some species live near the shore, where they hide in mud or sand by day and feed by night. Others swim about in groups in deep, cold water. A shrimp generally swims forward; it can swim backward by flipping its fan-shaped tail.
Most shrimps have grey, brown, white or pink bodies. But some are red, yellow, green or blue. Some can change color to match their surroundings. Many species are luminescent (light - producing).
The smallest shrimp are less than 2,5 centimeters long. Some giant freshwater species grow over 30 centimeters long and have feelers equally long.
Larger shrimps are sometimes called prawns.
Many small shrimp eat plankton (small drifting plants and animals). Large shrimps feed on material on the sea bottom. Shrimps, in turn, serve as an important food for fish and other water animals. Some shrimps help «clean» fish by feeding on parasites from the gills, mouth and scales of the fish. Other shrimps closely resemble these shrimps, but, instead of eating parasites, they take bites of the gills and flesh of the unsuspecting fish.
Most shrimps have 19 pairs of jointed legs, feelers, and other appendages. Head and chest have two pairs of feelers, which taste the water to locate food, a pair of appendages serves as jaws, five pairs of appendages handle food, and five pairs are walking legs. The abdomen has five pairs of swimmerets, which are used in swimming and reproduction. It also has a pair of appendages that form part of the shrimp's tail.
Some kinds of shrimp have claws on their two front pairs of walking legs. A shrimp uses its claws to gather food, to fight, and to dig burrows in which to hide. The pistol shrimp makes a sound like a gunshot by snapping one of its claws.
A shrimp’s shell is hard and stiff and encloses the animal's body. The only way the shrimp can grow is to molt (shed its shell) and grow a new shell, A shrimp molts many times during its life. A new larger shell hardens after each molt. If any appendages have been lost, new ones develop during the course of several molts.
Various species of shrimp have different life cycles. Some live a year at others may live five years or more. Some females carry their eggs on their swimmerets until they hatch. Other lay their eggs and swim away. Some shrimps do not swim about but live in burrows in sand or mud.
Members of the groups shrimp, the pandalids, all begin life as males. At about 2 years of age, they change to females.
Fishing crews use pouch-shaped nets called trawls to catch shrimp. Boats drag the trawls across the bottom of the sea or river mouth. The catch is frozen or canned quickly because fresh shrimp spoil easily.
The United States leads the world in shrimp production. About half of the world's catch comes from Asia. People in Japan raise shrimp in large tanks or ponds.
VOCABULARY:
Shrimp – креветка
Shell – панцир; раковина
Lobster – лобстер
To match – мати схожість
Gills – зябра
Appendage – придаток
Abdomen – брюшина
Claw – клешня
To dig burrow – рити нору
To molt – линяти
I. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:
1. What is shrimp?
2. What do shrimps usually feed on?
3. Do shrimp serve as an important food for fish and other water animals?
4. How do shrimp grow?
5. How do fishing crews catch shrimp?
II. FIND THE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS TO THE FOLLOWING WORDS:
Вирощувати; улов; заморожувати; самка; самець; судно; твердий; сховатися; використовувати; розміщувати; пробувати на смак; в свою чергу; змінювати колір; зябра; голова; хвіст; вид; пісок; відкладати ікру; єдиний засіб.
III. TRANSLATE INTO UKRAINIAN:
1. The most common kind of the United Sates food shrimp, hatch from eggs laid in the ocean up to 160 kilometers offshore.
2. A newly hatched peneid looks like a tiny pear with legs.
3. It changes shape several times until, after two to four weeks, it looks like a miniature adult.
4. Young peneid shrimp move toward shore as they develop, but 80 per cent or even more may be eaten by sea animals along the way.
5. After about five to seven months of rapid growth, the shrimp begin a two-month trip back to deeper water.
6. They breed in deep water, and each female lays 500 000 to 1 000 000 eggs.
7. Scientists believe that most of the adults die soon after the eggs are laid.
IV. FIND IN THE LIST BELOW ANTONYMS TO THE FOLLOWING WORDS:
Forward, tiny, fresh, small, hard, stiff, live, easy, quickly, adult, far
Giant, near, slowly, young, die, difficult, flexible, large, soft, salt, backward.
Text 9
Salmon
Salmon is one of the most important food sport fishes. Every year throughout the world eat millions of cans of pink or red salmon.
Salmon are born in a freshwater stream, and most of them spend part of their life in the salt water of the ocean. Then they return to the freshwater stream of their birth to spawn. Pacific salmon spawn only once and soon afterward. Atlantic salmon may swim back to the ocean after spawning and return to fresh water to spawn as many as three more times. Adult salmon swim upstream at spawning time. The fish are famous for their fighting spirit. They battle rushing currents and leap across swirling rapids and over waterfalls as high as 10 feet (3 meters). When hooked, they struggle furiously to escape.
Most salmon spawn in summer or autumn after swimming upstream as far as 3 kilometers from the ocean. The journey may take several months. Female salmon lay their eggs in the gravelly bed of a shallow stream. A male salmon stands guard as the female turns on her side and digs a nest in the gravel by swishing her tail back and forth. The female lays her eggs in the nest, and the male fertilizes them with sperm.
The female then swims forward a short distance, digs another nest, and lays more eggs. The male and female may repeat the spawning process several times.
The eggs hatch after three or four months, and the baby salmon lie hidden in the gravel for several weeks. They feed on a yolk sac. Some kinds of salmon leave fresh water for the ocean immediately after they come out of the gravel. Other species may spend up to three years in fresh water. They eat insects and small animal life called plankton.
Only a small percentage of the salmon reach the ocean from fresh water. Fish and birds eat some salmon, and polluted water kills others. Salmon that reach the ocean live there from six months to five years. During this period they feed on shrimp, squid and small fish. Scientists know that most salmon return for spawning to the same stream in which they hatched. Many scientists think salmon navigate in the sea by somehow sensing the magnetic field of the earth and the currents of the ocean. After reaching the coast, salmon apparently remember the odor of their «home» stream and follow this scent.
Salmon stop eating after reaching fresh water to spawn. They live off fat stored in their body. As the fish travel upstream, their shape and colour change.
Commercial fishing crews catch salmon as the fish leave the ocean to journey upstream. Most salmon are caught with nets. Some salmon is sold fresh, frozen or smoked, but most is canned.
VOCABULARY:
Salmon – лосось
To relate – відноситися
To return – повертатися
Throughout – усюди
To be famous for – бути відомим
Hook – гачок
Furious – несамовитий, лютий
To escape – втікати
To reach – досягати
Odor – запах
Sense – почуття
Todig–копати
I. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:
1. Where are salmon usually born?
2. Most of the salmon spend part of their life in the salt water, don’t they?
3. What are salmon famous for?
4. When do salmon spawn?
5. Where do salmon females lay their eggs?
6. What does a baby salmon feed on?
7. What do salmon live off after reaching fresh water to spawn?
II. FIND THE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS TO THE FOLLOWING WORDS:
Нерест, розвиток, відомий, харчування, дорослий, течія, почуття, планктон, свіжий, морожений, копчений, досягати, узбережжя, форма тіла, подорожувати, продавати, вчений, промисловий, комаха.
III. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE WORDS GIVEN BELOW:
1.Adult salmon swim ____ at spawning time.
2.During _____ the salmon female lays a total of 2 000 to 10 000 eggs.
3.All male salmon develop a ______ snout.
4.Atlantic salmon is not nearly so ______ as Pacific salmon.
5.Coastal waters, lakes and rivers in many ______ of the world are ____ with salmon.
Spawning, parts, plentiful, hooked, upstream, stocked
IV. READ THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH WORDS AND FIND THEIR UKRAINIAN EQUIVALENTS IN THE RIGHT COLUMN:
Female – течія
Male – креветка
Current – самиця
Shrimp – форель
Trout – самець
Nest – жовтковий мішок
Gravel –плавник
Fertilize – викльовуватися
Spawning – гніздо
Fat – гравій
Yolk sac – запах
Coastal – нерест
Hatch – жир
Fin – береговий
Odour – запліднювати
V. TRANSLATE INTO UKRAINIAN WITHOUT USING A DICTIONARY:
1. Seahorse is a small fish called like this because its head resembles that of tiny horse.
2. A seahorse’s large swim bladder holds air and enables the fish to stay at the certain depth.
3. The pectoral fins located at the side of the seahorse’s head look like a pair of airs.
4. Seahorses have an unusual way of reproducing. The male has a special pouch in which the female lays from dozens to hundreds of eggs. The male later releases tiny young.
5. Seal is a sea animal with a body shaped like a torpedo.
6. Seals are excellent swimmers and spend much time in the water, but they give birth to their young on land.
7. Seals feed on various marine animals, primarily fish and squids.
Text 10
Marine Fishes
Fishes are considered a paraphyletic group. Apart from some 50 or so species of generally parasitic lampreys and hagfishes in the superclass Agnatha, fishes are divided into two unequal-sized groups, the Chondrichthyes or cartilaginous fishes and the Osteichthyes or bony fishes. Some 60% of all known living fish species (around 14000 species) occur in marine habitats. They range in size from an 8mm-long goby Trimmatom nanus in the Indian Ocean to the 15m whale shark Rhincodon typus, respectively the smallest and the largest of all fish species, and occur in virtually all habitats, from shallow inshore waters to the abyssal depth.
The Chondrichthyes comprises the sharks, skates and rays, an overwhelmingly marine group with around 850 living species in ten orders. Although far less diverse than the bony fishes, the cartilaginous fishes include many of the largest fish species, a number of which are top predators in marine ecosystems. The Osteichthyes are remarkably diverse group, with an enormous range of morphological, physiological and behavioural adaptations. Of the 32 orders with marine representatives, by far the largest and most diversified is the Perciformes. This is the largest of all vertebrate orders and dominates vertebrate life in the ocean, as well as being the dominant fish group in many tropical and subtropical freshwaters.
As with other groups of organisms, the majority of fishes in the sea are strictly marine, occurring only in salt water. A proportion, however, may also occur in inland waters, often passing a particular part of their life-cycle there. Species that spend most of their life in marine waters but ascend rivers to breed, such as many salmonids and sturgeons are referred to as anadromous. Those, such as most eels in the family Anguillidae, that breed at sea but spend their lives otherwise in freshwater, are referred to as catadromous. Species with a wide salinity tolerance that may occur in marine, brackish and fresh waters are referred to as euryhaline while those with narrow tolerances, be they to marine, brackish or fresh water, are referred to as stenohaline.
VOCABULARY:
Lamprey – мінога Vertebrate – хребетний
Cartilaginous – хрящовий Ascend – підніматися
Habitat – середовище існування Breed – розмножуватися
Goby – бичок Sturgeon – осетр
Enormous – величезний Tolerance – витривалість
Behavioral – поведінковий Brackish – солонуватий
I. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. What groups are all fish divided into?
2. How many fish species live in marine habitats?
3. What are the smallest and the largest fishes?
4. Are sharks, skates and rays cartilaginous fishes?
5. What is the dominant fish group in tropical and subtropical freshwaters?
6. Where do salmonids and sturgeons breed?
7. Do species with a wide salinity tolerance occur in fresh waters?
II. GIVE THE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS TO THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS:
Вид, кісткові риби, морське середовище існування, прибережні води, різноманітний, морська екосистема, фізіологічні пристосування, морські представники, прісні води, більшість, солонуватий.
III. TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES:
1. Годовні хижаки в морських екосистемахналежать до хрящових риб.
2. Кісткові риби мають різноманітні поведінкові пристосування.
3. Більшість морських риб мешкають тільки в солоній воді.
4. Деякі види морських риб проводять частину життєвого циклу в річках.
5. Більшість вугрів розмножується в морі, але решту життя проводить у прісних водах.
IV. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE WORDS GIVEN BELOW:
1. … fishes are more diverse than … ones.
2. The Perciformes dominate … life in the ocean.
3. Some fish species … in freshwater.
4. There are fish species with a wide and narrow … .
5. The majority of all fish species live in marine … .
__________________________________________________________________
Habitats, bony, breed, cartilaginous, vertebrate, salinity tolerance.
Text 11
Reptiles
Present-day diversity of reptiles in the seas is low. One important reason for this is that modern reptilian kidneys cannot tolerate high salinities and thus the only reptiles that have adapted to marine environments are those that have developed specialized salt-excreting glands. The most thoroughly marine reptiles are undoubtedly the sea snakes in the subfamily Hidrophiinae. These spend their entirely lives in the sea, giving birth to live young there. Although largely air-breathing like other reptiles, they can also absorb some oxygen directly from seawater and are thus able to remain submerged for long periods. Around 50 species are known, widely distributed in tropical parts of the Indo-Pacific region. In addition the little file snake Acrochordus granulatus, from northern Australia and south-east Asia is also entirely aquatic, but occurs in brackish estuaries as well as seawater.
Five species of sea krait in the subfamily Laticaudinae are also largely marine, feeding mainly on eels. However they return to land to breed, generally on small tropical islands. They too are confined to the Indo-Pacific region. One species of lizard, the Galapagos marine iguana Amblyhynchus cristatus, feeds underwater on marine algae but spends a considerable proportion of time on land. Several other reptile species regularly enter sea-water.
Undoubtedly the most prominent group of marine reptiles is the sea turtles. All species are large and most are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters. Sea turtles are almost completely marine, only the females emerge to nest on land, mostly within the tropics. Sea turtles typically have a long period of maturity (often to 25 years in the case of the green turtle Chelonia mydas) and a long life span. Females habitually return to the same nesting beaches, sometimes undergoing protracted migrations from feeding grounds. They may lay two or three clutches in a season, sometimes comprising over 100 eggs each, depending on the species. Nest, hatchling and juvenile mortality are often high.
VOCABULARY:
Kidney – нирка Turtle – черепаха
Salinity – солоність Female – самка
Submerge – занурюватися Emerge – випливати на поверхню
Estuary – морський рукав, гирло річки Nest – гніздитися
Lizard – ящірка Maturity – зрілість
Algae – водорості Protract – затягувати
Feeding ground – ділянка живлення Clutch – виводок
I. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. Why are reptiles not diverse?
2. How have reptiles adapted to marine environments?
3. What marine reptiles spend their all lives in the sea?
4. What does the Galapagos marine iguana feed on?
5. Do the sea turtles comprise the most prominent group of marine reptiles?
6. The females of sea turtles nest on land, don’t they?
7. What period of maturity do sea turtles have?
II. GIVE THE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS:
Розмаїття, витримувати, морське навколишнє середовище, морська змія, народжувати, дихаючий повітрям, вбирати кисень, розповсюджений, водний, живитися, розмножуватися, довга тривалість життя.
III. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH:
1. Морські змії є повністю морськими рептиліями.
2. Морські зміїї можуть занурюватися у воду на довгий період, бо вони вбирають частину кисню з морської води.
3. Деякі рептилії живляться морськими водоростями, але частину життя проводять на суші.
4. Морські черепахи дають два або три виводки на сезон.
5. Смертність черепах у ранньому віці дуже висока.
IV. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE WORDS GIVEN BELOW:
1. High … causes low diversity of reptiles nowadays.
2. The little file snake lives both in seawater and in … .
3. The … of sea turtles emerge to nest on land.
4. Each … of sea turtles may comprise 100 eggs.
5. Sea turtles have a long … .
__________________________________________________________________
Brackish estuaries, life span, salinity, clutch, females.
Text 12
Mammals
Wholly aquatic mammals are confined to two orders, the Cetacea and the Sirenia. The Cetacea comprises some 78 species, all except five marine, distributed throughout the world’s seas. They include the largest living animals – the rorquals in the family Balaenopteridae. All cetaceans are carnivorous; the baleen or whalebone whales are filter feeders, feeding on organisms several orders of magnitude smaller then they are.
Of four living members of the order Sirenia, only one – the dugon Dugong dugon – is exclusively marine, occurring widely in costal waters of the Indo-Pacific. One other, the Caribbean manatee Trichechus manatus, is found in both marine and inland waters while the other two (the Amasonian manatee Trichechus inunguis and West African manatee T. senegalensis) enter coastal waters marginally if at all. All Sirenians are herbivores; marine populations feed mainly on sea-grasses.
The remaining marine mammals are all included in the order Carnivora. Two New World otters in the family Mustelidae feed largely or exclusively in marine waters; other otter species may frequent coastal areas but are predominantly inland water animals. Members of the three pinniped families Odobenidae (the walrus), Otariidae (eared seals) and Phocidae (earless seals) are all very largely aquatic, emerging on land to breed and rest, particularly when moulting; all are marine with the exception of one or two species of Phocidae. All species are carnivorous.
In contrast to most terrestrial mammal families, pinnipeds are considerably more diverse and more abundant at higher rather than lower latitudes. Of the 32 extant or recently extant species, only five occur within the tropics. Part of the explanation for this undoubtedly lies in the greater availability of suitable habitat at higher latitudes: 70% of continental shelf waters and just over 69% of the world’s marine area are found outside the tropics. However, this in itself is unlikely to account for the entire difference. It is likely that the greater productivity of shelf waters at high latitudes and of upwelling areas at mid-latitudes plays a major part.
VOCABULARY:
Mammal – ссавець Otter – видра
Cetacea – кити Walrus – морж
Carnivorous – м’ясоїдний Seal – тюлень
Whale – кит Terrestrial – земний
Manatee – морська корова, ламантин Moult – линяти
Herbivorous – травоїдний Abundant – багатий на щось
I. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. What are the two orders of aquatic mammals?
2. What are the largest living animals?
3. Are cetaceans carnivorous or herbivorous?
4. What do Sirenians feed on?
5. What aquatic mammals emerge on land to breed and rest?
6. Why are pinnipeds more abundant at higher latitudes?
7. Does the greater productivity of shelf waters play any part in the diversity of pinnipeds?
II. GIVE THE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS:
Ряд (підклас), вид, морський, живитися, прибережні води, виринати на поверхню, розмножуватися, різноманітний, широта, наявність, середовище існування.
III. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH:
1. Розрізняють два підкласи морських ссавців.
2. Усі кити є м’ясоїдними.
3. Деякі види видр часто трапляються в прибережній зоні.
4. Моржі виринають на поверхню, коли линяють.
5. На вищих широтах є підходяще середовище існування для морських ссавців.
IV. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE WORDS GIVEN BELOW:
1. … give birth to live babies and feed their young on milk.
2. Animals feeding on milk are called … .
3. Mammals feeding on sea-grasses are … .
4. Seals … on land to breed and rest.
5. Only five … occur in tropics.
________________________________________________________________
Herbivorous, emerge, mammals, species, carnivorous.
Text 13
Birds
Defining marine birds, or seabirds, is somewhat more problematic than defining marine species in other groups. All birds breed in terrestrial habitats, but a large number obtain all or much of their food from aquatic or littoral habitats. Some of these, including all frigatebirds, tropicbirds, gannets and boobies, penguins and petrels, albatrosses and shearwaters are indisputably marine, in that they obtain all their food from marine habitats, almost invariably breeding along coastlines and spending most or all of their when not breeding out at sea. Many others, however, have less clear-cut habits. Some, such as a number of cormorants and shags have both resident inland and marine populations. Others, such as a number of gulls and terns and some ducks and geese may breed inland but spend the rest of the year living in coastal areas or out at sea. Yet others, such as sandpipes and other waders, typically feed in littoral or intertidal habitats rather than in the sea itself; many of these species also occur inland.
Adopting a somewhat arbitrary division, and excluding all wading birds with the exception of the grey phalarope, something over 300 species of birds can be considered wholly or largely marine.
In common with pinnipeds, seabirds show a latitudinal distribution in which diversity is much higher at higher latitudes than it is in the tropics. Two-thirds of all seabirds are confined as breeding species to these latitudes, compared with only 7% that are exclusively tropical. This stands in sharp contrast to the pattern found in most major terrestrial groups and many marine groups such as sea turtles, mangroves and reef-building corals in which species diversity increases dramatically with decreasing latitude. Diversity is also markedly higher in the southern than in the northern hemisphere, with over half of all seabirds species breeding in southern temperate and polar latitudes. Dominance of this region is even more marked in the Procellariidae, the family with the greatest number of truly marine species, in which over 60% of species breed at these latitudes and half are confined to it.
VOCABULARY:
Breed – розмножуватися Cormorant – великий баклан
Littoral – прибережний Shag – баклан чубатий
Frigatebird – фрегат (птах) Tern – крячок
Gannet – баклан Wader – чапля
Petrel – буревісник Phalarope – плавунчик
Mangrove – мангрове дерево Wading bird – болотяний птах
I. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. Is it easy to define marine birds?
2. What birds are indisputably marine?
3. What birds breed inland but spend the rest of the year out at sea?
4. How many birds are considered wholly marine?
5. Where is the diversity of seabirds higher?
6. Does terrestrial species diversity decrease with decreasing latitudes?
7. Is diversity higher in the southern or in the north hemisphere?
II. GIVE THE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS:
Наземне середовище існування, здобувати їжу, узбережжя, звички, живитися, траплятися, розмаїття, широта, модель, зростати, знижуватися, обмежуватися.
III. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH:
1. Багато морських птахів живиться у прибережних зонах.
2. Велика кількість чайок і крячок проводить більше часу на узбережжі.
3. Чаплі здобувають їжу на прибережних територіях.
4. Розмаїття морських птахів набагато нижче в тропіках, ніж на вищих широтах.
5. Наземні види більш різноманітні на нижчих широтах.
IV. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH WORDS GIVEN BELOW:
1. All seabirds … in terrestrial habitats.
2. Penguins and petrels obtain their food from … habitats.
3. Some seabirds have both … and marine populations.
4. Two-thirds of all seabirds are confined to higher … .
5. Major … groups are more diverse at lower latitudes.
_______________________________________________________________
Inland, terrestrial, breed, latitudes, marine
Text 14
Marine aquaculture
Mariculture is a specialized branch of aquaculture involving the cultivation of marine organisms for food and other products in the open ocean, an enclosed section of the ocean, or in tanks, ponds or raceways which are filled with seawater. An example of the latter is the farming of marine fish, including finfish and shellfish e.g. prawns, or oysters and seaweed in saltwater ponds.
Marine aquaculture or mariculture - is relatively new direction in fishery activities at the coastal Ukrainian zones of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.
At the present time a mariculture development in the coastal waters appears more profitable, very promising and competitive.
With this purpose breeding the fish and release it into the numerous estuaries of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, such as sturgeon, mullet, sturbotplaice and other species. Scientific and research and experimental works on development of technology of mariculture have been initiated by the new experimental plantations, farms, completes for breeding, catching and processing of shellfish, crustacean and seaweed.
Of all the molluses living in the Black Sea, the most important for fisheries are mussels, oysters. Natural mussels in the Black Sea live in big colonies clustering on the surface of large stones. They are found everywhere: along the walls of embankments, ports.
Non-food products produced by mariculture include: fish meal, nutrient agar, jewellery (e.g. cultured pearls), and cosmetics.
VOCABULARY:
Shellfish – молюск
Crustacean – ракоподібні
Seaweed – морська водорість
Oyster – устриця
Sturgeon – осетр
Mullet – кефаль
Sturbotplaice – камбала-глось
I. GIVE THE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS TO THE FOLLOWING:
Морeкультура, рибний промисел, вирощувати рибу, ловля ракоподібних, переробка мідій та молюсків, прибуткова галузь, розвиток технологій, запроваджувати наукові розробки.
II. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES:
1.Marine aquaculture is ....
2.Technologies on mariculture development have been initiated ....
3.For fisheries the most important moluses are ....
4.New direction in fishery activities ....
III. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH:
Морська аквакультура - відносно новий напрямок у рибному промислі. Він успішно розвивається у прибережних зонах Чорного та Азовського морів. Передові технології вирощування риб були запроваджені у багатьох рибних господарствах та комплексах для вирощування, ловлі і переробки молюсків, ракоподібних І морських водоростей. Найбільш важливе місце в цій галузі займають устриці та мідії. В теперішній час розвиток морської аквакультури стає прибутковим і досить перспективним.
SUPPLEMENTARY
Text 1
Aquaculture
Aquaculture, in the United States, includes the farming of hatchery fish and shellfish which are grown to market size in ponds, tanks, cages, or raceways and released into the wild. Aquaculture is also used to support commercial and recreational marine fisheries by enhancing or rebuilding wild stock populations. It also includes the cultivation of ornamental fish for the aquarium trade, as well as plant species used in various pharmaceutical, nutritional, and biotechnology products.
According to the FAO, in 2004 the United States ranked 10th in total aquaculture production, behind China, India, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Japan, Chile, and Norway. The United States imports aquaculture products from these and other countries, and operates an annual seafood trade deficit of over $9 billion.
Shellfish (oysters, clams, mussels), account for two-thirds of marine aquaculture production, followed by salmon (25 percent) and shrimp (10 percent). Production occurs mainly on land, in ponds, and in coastal waters under state jurisdiction. As a result of recent advances in offshore aquaculture technology, commercial finfish and shellfish operations have been established in more exposed, open ocean locations in state waters in New Hampshire, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_the_United_States - cite_note-noaa_aquaculture-18
Total U.S. aquaculture production, including aquatic plants, is about $1 billion annually, compared to the total world production of about $70 billion. Only about 20 percent of U.S. aquaculture production is from marine species. NOAA estimates that the annual U.S. domestic aquaculture production of all species could increase from about 0.5 million tons to 1.5 million tons by 2025.
Text 2
Fishery
Generally, a fishery is an entity engaged in raising or harvesting fish which is determined by some authority to be a fishery. According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, and purpose of the activities or a combination of the foregoing features". The definition often includes a combination of fish and fishers in a region, the latter fishing for similar species with similar gear types.
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A fishery may involve the capture of wild fish or raising fish through fish farming or aquaculture. Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries and aquaculture. Overfishing, including the taking of fish beyond sustainable levels, is reducing fish stocks and employment in many world regions.
Fisheries are harvested for their value (commercial, recreational or subsistence). They can be saltwater or freshwater, wild or farmed. Examples are the salmon fishery of Alaska, the cod fishery off the Lofoten islands, the tuna fishery of the Eastern Pacific, or the shrimp farm fisheries in China. Capture fisheries can be broadly classified as industrial scale, small-scale or artisanal, and recreational.
Close to 90% of the world’s fishery catches come from oceans and seas, as opposed to inland waters. These marine catches have remained relatively stable since the mid-nineties (between 80 and 86 million tonnes). Most marine fisheries are based near the coast. This is not only because harvesting from relatively shallow waters is easier than in the open ocean, but also because fish are much more abundant near the coastal shelf, due to the abundance of nutrients available there from coastal upwelling and land runoff. However, productive wild fisheries also exist in open oceans, particularly by seamounts, and inland in lakes and rivers.
Most fisheries are wild fisheries, but farmed fisheries are increasing. Farming can occur in coastal areas, such as with oyster farms, but more typically occur inland, in lakes, ponds, tanks and other enclosures.
There are species fisheries worldwide for finfish, mollusks, crustaceans and echinoderms, and by extension, aquatic plants such as kelp. However, a very small number of species support the majority of the world’s fisheries. Some of these species are herring, cod, anchovy, tuna, flounder, mullet, squid, shrimp, salmon, crab, lobster, oyster and scallops. All except these last four provided a worldwide catch of well over a million tonnes in 1999, with herring and sardines together providing a harvest of over 22 million metric tons in 1999. Many other species are harvested in smaller numbers.
Text 3
Fish Processing
The most common types of smoked fish in the US are salmon, mackerel, whitefish and trout, although other smoked fish is also available regionally or from many ethnic stores. Salmon, mackerel and herring are universally available both hot-smoked and cold-smoked, while most other fish is traditionally preserved by only one of the smoking methods.
A common name for cold-smoked salmon is lox, of which many different types are available, usually identified by point of origin (e.g., from Scotland, Norway, Holland, the Pacific, and Nova Scotia, Canada--the latter usually identified as Nova lox or just Nova). Traditionally, lox designates brined rather than smoked salmon, but the linguistic boundary between the two types of products has long been erased. Gravad lax or gravlax remains the only type that is unmistakably not smoked fish. However, commercial labels still identify most smoked products as "smoked salmon" rather than "lox".
Most other smoked fish in the US is hot-smoked, although cold-smoked mackerel is always available in East-European delis, along with cold-smoked sturgeon, sea bass, halibut or turbot and many other varieties. Jewish delis often sell, in addition to lox, hot-smoked whitefish, mackerel, trout, and sablefish (also sometimes referred to as black cod in its fresh state). Along the Mississippi River, hot-smoked locally-caught sturgeon is also available. Traditionally, in the US, cold-smoked fish, other than salmon, is considered "raw" and thus unsafe to consume without cooking. For this reason, in the US, cold-smoked fish is largely confined to specialty and ethnic shops.
In the Netherlands, commonly available varieties include hot- and cold-smoked mackerel, herring and Baltic sprats. Hot-smoked eel is a specialty in the Northern provinces, but is a popular deli item throughout the country.
Smoked fish is a prominent item in Russian cuisine, Ashkenazi Jewish Cuisine, and Scandinavian cuisine, as well as several Eastern and Central European cuisines and the Pacific Northwest cuisine.
English, Scottish and Canadian cuisine incorporates a variety of strongly brined, smoked herring that used to be known as "red herring". With the increased use of idiomatic expression "red herring", references to the smoked fish product in this manner declined. A more common contemporary name for it is kippers, or kippered herring. Kippered herring traditionally undergoes further processing (soaking and cooking) before consumption. Arbroath Smokies (haddock) and Traditional Grimsby smoked fish (haddock and cod) have both received Protected Geographical Indication status from the European Commission, which restricts use of the name to fish that is processed using specific methods within a defined geographical area.
Text 4
Parasite
Nobody knows how many kinds of parasites there are. They range in size from the smallest virus, inconceivably small at one one-thousandth of a micron, to whale tapeworms a hundred feet long. Some, like ticks, fleas live on the surface of their hosts. Other - trematodes, tapeworms, nematodes - live within, denizens of blood, intestines, liver and heart.
Many are specialists. The so-called pork tapeworm can mature only in humans. One kind of trematodes lives' only on the first gill arch of one species of cod. The green parrot of Mexico harbors at least 15 species of feather mites; each lives on a particular part of a particular feather on the bird's body. Fleas, ticks and leeches are usually more catholic in their choice of hosts, feeding on the blood of a variety of animals. A rat flea deprived of a rat will happily settle on a bat.
Certain parasites are innocuous. Two varieties of mites five harmlessly on the landscape of the human face, tucked into hair follicles of the forehead and cheeks. However, many parasites pester, maim or kill the animals they infect. Several of those: hookworms, little leechlike -vampires of the intestinal tract, suck the blood of a billion people a year and kill perhaps 100,000. Blood-dwelling trematodes infect 200 million people, sometimes causing severe disease of the gastrointestinal tract, bladder and liver.
For humans, the worst offenders are protozoa's, the parasites that cause malaria. Nearly half a billion people are infected with malaria, and each year as many as two million die from the disease, mostly in tropical Africa.
Plant parasites such as tropical mistletoes send their roots deep into the vascular system of their green hosts. Or kleptoparasites, animals that steal or pirate food, and social parasites, which exploit the labors of other species.
What all these things have in common is their way of life. Parasites are not a natural group, like birds or animals or mammals, but a collection of organisms that live at the expense of other organisms, relying on them to survive and reproduce and usually doing harm in the process.
TESTS
TEXT 1. Fish Anatomy
1. The fin spines and rays are connected by a thin fleshy material that collects….
a) spines c) excess isthmus
b) excess mucus d) silt
2. The size, shape and arrangement of the fish depend on……..
a) surrounding c) mucus
b) predecessors d) the kind of fish
3. ……….have delicate «deciduous» scales.
a) trout and salmon c) salmon and perch
b) trout and perch d) shark and trout
4. A series of small sensor organs used by the fish for detecting turbulence and pressure changes is called …...
a) isthmus c) scales
b) lateral line d) fin
5. …..of fish play the same role as lungs of animals.
a) mucus c) gills
b) rays d) fins
6. Fish secrete ……….to protect themselves from parasites and disease.
a) silt c) shark
b) gills d) mucus
7. ….. have hard, rough scales.
a) perch, rockfish c) shark, trout
b) shark, salmon d) catfish, salmon
8. On the ocean bottom lies……
a) salmon c) flat salmon
b) flat flounder d) perch
9. Fish anatomy is greatly influenced by ……….
a) shape c) water
b) surrounding d) gills
10. Shark’s scales are really modified…...
a) gills c) teeth
b) fins d) rays
TEXT 2. Fish Evolution
1. First fish have ……., but didn’t have ……….
a) scales, rays c) lungs, teeth
b) fins, jaws d) teeth, jaws
2. Fish take oxygen from the water through ….
a) fins c) lateral line
b) gills d) scales
3. Oxygen passes from the water into ……..in the gills.
a) isthmus c) openings
b) blood vessels d) coverings
4. The powerful tail of shark carries a ……….fin.
a) caudal c) dorsal
b) pectoral d) pelvic
5. Because this type of fertilization occurs outside the body of the female fish it is called …………fertilization.
a) internal c) inside
b) external d) outside
6. The same fish usually ………..in both fresh and salt water.
a) can live c) may live
b) cannot live d) didn’t live
7. Changes in fish ………..can affect their body temperature.
a) environment c) fertilization
b) anatomy d) feeding
8. Female fish release jelly-coated eggs into the water and male fish release sperm to ……..the eggs.
a) feed c) fertilize
b) live on d) coat
9. Tiny animals first appeared in the earth's oceans were the first ………..with no jaws but fins and backbones.
a) mammals c) reptiles
b) vertebrates d) lizards
10. Fish have little trouble maintaining a constant body temperature as long as they remain in their ………waters.
a) ocean c) native
b) river d) severe
TEXT 3. Fish
1. A sac filled with air that the fish can deflate or inflate is called……..
a) swim sac c) swim bladder
b) swim fin d) yolk sac
2. Fish are able to adapt to the………..
a) environment c) anatomy
b) arrangement d) vertebrates
3. …… can live in mud without water to survive during hot and dry season.
a) lungfish c) perch
b) remora d) electric eel
4. The remora uses a sucker to attach itself to a …….and feeds on bits of food the ……..leaves behind.
a) perch c) whale
b) shark d) catfish
5. The ………can generate large amounts of electricity to stun its prey.
a) shark c) remora
b) lungfish d) electric eel
6. …………..is able to change colour to match the ocean bottom.
a) perch c) remora
b) shark d) flounder
7. …………have adaptations that allow them to come out of the water and spend some time on land.
a) salmon, perch c) shark, trout
b) mudskipper, walking catfish d) catfish, trout
8. Being able to change its color, … can save itself from being attacked by its predators.
a) trout c) shark
b) flounder d) lungfish
9. By letting air in and out of the bladder, a fish can float at ………in the water.
a) high level c) any level
b) low level d) average level
10. In the most species female release …………..into the water.
a) jelly-coated eggs c) sperm
b) eggs d) fertilized eggs
TEXT 4. Jawless Fish
Jawless fish
1. Jawless fish do not … scales and fins.
a) lack c) use
b) have d) apply
2. The lamprey is … to a snake.
a) different c) similar
b) various d) look
3. The lamprey … its teeth and tongue to drill a hole into the fish.
a) uses c) attaches
b) lacks d) sucks
4. The lamprey is flexible because it is … .
a) jawless c) bony
b) snake-like d) cartilaginous
5. The … of a jawless fish contains cartilage.
a) fin c) skeleton
b) scale d) tooth
6. The great white shark … to cartilaginous fish.
a) resembles c) attacks
b) belongs d) attaches
7. Sharks … jaws.
a) need c) have got
b) stun d) lack
8. Skates have got large … sticking out of their sides.
a) fins c) jaws
b) scales d) mouths
9. Fins help rays … .
a) breed c) swim
b) fly d) feed
10. Some rays use tail to … themselves.
a) hide c) catch
b) defend d) capture
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