Transport, transit and logistics
What is Nurly Zhol Program? What is it for?
Nurly Zhol is a $9 billion domestic economic stimulus plan to develop and modernize roads, railways, ports, IT infrastructure, and education and civil services in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Nurly Zhol plan was announced by Kazakhstan's President Nursultan Nazarbayev in November 2014.
Nurly Zhol targets seven areas of infrastructure development:[3]
1. transportation and logistics infrastructure
2. industrial infrastructure
3. energy infrastructure
4. public utilities infrastructure
5. housing infrastructure
6. social infrastructure
7. small and medium-sized enterprises
The Nurly Zhol state infrastructure development programme for 2020-2025 focuses on developing road infrastructure. The programme aims to repair 27,000 kilometres of local roads, reconstruct 10,000 kilometres and repair 11,000 kilometres of national roads. The Kazakh Government estimated that the 2020-2025 programme would cost the country $16.91 billion.
What is BRI? When was it announced? Which countries are participants of it?
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI, or B&R[1]) is a global development strategy adopted by the Chinese government in 2013 involving infrastructure development and investments in nearly 70 countries and international organizations in Asia, Europe, and Africa.[2][3]
The leader of the People's Republic of China, Xi Jinping, originally announced the strategy during official visits to Indonesia and Kazakhstan in 2013. "Belt" refers to the overland routes for road and rail transportation, called "the Silk Road Economic Belt"; whereas "road" refers to the sea routes, or the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.[4
· 4.1Africa
· 4.1.1Djibouti
· 4.1.2Egypt
· 4.1.3Ethiopia
· 4.1.4Kenya
· 4.1.5Nigeria
· 4.1.6Sudan
· 4.2Europe
· 4.2.1Poland
· 4.2.2Greece
· 4.2.3Portugal
· 4.2.4Italy
· 4.2.5Austria
· 4.2.6Luxembourg
· 4.2.7Switzerland
· 4.3Caucasus
· 4.3.1Armenia
· 4.3.2Georgia
· 4.4Russia and EEU
· 4.5Asia
· 4.5.1Central Asia
· 4.5.2Hong Kong
· 4.5.3Indonesia
· 4.5.4Laos
· 4.5.5Maldives
· 4.5.6Malaysia
· 4.5.7Pakistan
· 4.5.8Sri Lanka
· 4.5.9Thailand
· 4.5.10Turkey
· 4.6North and South America
· 4.6.1Argentina
· 4.6.2Jamaica
What is Lianyungang Port in the context of the New Silk Road?
The Port of Lianyungang is one of the starting points of the central corridor of the overland Silk Road between China and Europe. A rail line and the emerging Western Europe-Western China highway — which will extend all the way to St. Petersburg, Russia when completed — move in tandem all the way across China and directly link in with Khorgos Gateway before moving on to Europe beyond. It is one of the larger seaports in the world, moving 200 million tons of cargo and 5 million containers per year. KTZ Express, the Kazakh logistics empire, also operates a terminal there.
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Please, name the terminals of Kazakhstan in sea ports of other countries.
Lianyungang Port
International Center for Border Cooperation "Khorgos"
Batumi Oil Terminal
Please, name the main routes of the New Silk Road
The Belt and Road Initiative is about improving the physical infrastructure along land corridors that roughly equate to the old silk road. These are the belts in the title, and a maritime silk road.[24] Infrastructure corridors encompassing around 60 countries, primarily in Asia and Europe but also including Oceania and East Africa, will cost an estimated US$4–8 trillion.[25][26] The initiative has been contrasted with the two US-centric trading arrangements, the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership.[26] The projects receive financial support from the Silk Road Fund and Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank while they are technically coordinated by the B&R Summit Forum. The land corridors include:[24]
· The New Eurasian Land Bridge, which runs from Western China to Western Russia through Kazakhstan, and includes the Silk Road Railway through China's Xinjiang Autonomous Region, Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus, Poland and Germany.
· The China–Mongolia–Russia Corridor, which will run from Northern China to the Russian Far East. The Russian government-established Russian Direct Investment Fund and China's China Investment Corporation, a Chinese government investment agency, partnered in 2012 to create the Sino-Russian Investment Fund, which concentrates on opportunities in bilateral integration.[27][28]
· The China–Central Asia–West Asia Corridor, which will run from Western China to Turkey.
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· The China–Indochina Peninsula Corridor, which will run from Southern China to Singapore.
· The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) (Chinese: 中国-巴基斯坦经济走廊; Urdu: پاكستان-چین اقتصادی راہداری) which is also classified as "closely related to the Belt and Road Initiative",[29] a US$62 billion collection of infrastructure projects throughout Pakistan[30][31][32] which aims to rapidly modernize Pakistan's transportation networks, energy infrastructure, and economy.[31][32][33][34] On 13 November 2016, CPEC became partly operational when Chinese cargo was transported overland to Gwadar Port for onward maritime shipment to Africa and West Asia.[35]
What is a toll road?
A toll road, also known as a turnpike or tollway, is a public or private road (almost always a controlled-access highway in the present day) for which a fee (or toll) is assessed for passage. It is a form of road pricing typically implemented to help recoup the cost of road construction and maintenance.
Toll roads have existed in some form since antiquity, with tolls levied on passing travellers on foot, wagon, or horseback; a practice that continued with the automobile, and many modern tollways charge fees for motor vehicles exclusively. The amount of the toll usually varies by vehicle type, weight, or number of axles, with freight trucks often charged higher rates than cars.
Tolls are often collected at toll plazas, toll booths, toll houses, stations, bars, or gates. Some toll collection points are autonomous, and the user deposits money in a machine which opens the gate once the correct toll has been paid. To cut costs and minimise time delay, many tolls are collected with electronic toll collection equipment which automatically communicates with a toll payer's transponder or uses automatic number plate recognition to charge drivers by debiting their accounts.
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Criticisms of toll roads include the time taken to stop and pay the toll, and the cost of the toll booth operators—up to about one-third of revenue in some cases. Automated toll-paying systems help minimise both of these. Others object to paying "twice" for the same road: in fuel taxes and with tolls.
In addition to toll roads, toll bridges and toll tunnels are also used by public authorities to generate funds to repay the cost of building the structures. Some tolls are set aside to pay for future maintenance or enhancement of infrastructure, or are applied as a general fund by local governments, not being earmarked for transport facilities. This is sometimes limited or prohibited by central government legislation. Also road congestion pricing schemes have been implemented in a limited number of urban areas as a transportation demand management tool to try to reduce traffic congestion and air pollution.[1]
How does Dry port 'Khorgos' work? Name its main constituents.
The Khorgos – Eastern Gates Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is part of the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan with defined boundaries which is subject to the special legal regime of a special economic zone for implementation of priority activities. The dry port is based on the same principle as any seaport, except the goods in containers are delivered not by ferries, but by trains. The containers are unloaded, stored and sent in different directions. They are delivered to different train platforms from China and then they are trans-loaded onto the Kazakh platforms or road transport, which carry the cargo onto Kazakhstan, Russia, Central Asia and Europe.In the logistics area of the port, logistics companies or producers of goods build warehouses. The SEZ stores containers with goods – clothing, electronics, construction materials and other goods arriving from the dry port, which are then distributed by road transport to the destinations in accordance with the instructions of the customer.
In the industrial zone, we carry out construction and installation works of industrial facilities. The delivered commodities, materials, spare parts, components and semi-finished products for production of finished products are exempt from the payment of customs duties. Finished products to be sold in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) are not subject to duties in the event of conclusion of a special investment contract (SIC) with the Ministry for Investment and Development of Kazakhstan
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What is Western Europe – Western China in the context of the New Silk Road?
Once completed, the China-Western Europe transport corridor is meant to be the primary nervous system of the Silk Road Economic Belt, the overland portion of China's Belt and Road initiative. The corridor begins at the Chinese port of Lianyungang on the Yellow Sea and stretches along the Lianhuo Expressway, China’s longest road, to the Khorgos dry port on the border of Kazakhstan before moving through Russia en route to Western Europe. The corridor is meant to eventually combine road, rail and air transport hubs into a multi-modal ecosystem which could revolutionize the economic role of the central stretches of Eurasia and alter our paradigms of how goods are shipped between China and Europe. Ideally, this highway would allow trucks to travel between China and Europe in just eleven days, as opposed to 30-50 days by sea and 15 days by rail, making it the fastest overland option of the New Silk Road.
Oil and gas
Explain what is OPEC?
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, /ˈoʊpɛk/ OH-pek) is an intergovernmental organization of 14 nations, founded on 14 September 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela), and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna, Austria. As of September 2018, the 14 member countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and 81.5 percent of the world's "proven" oil reserves, giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by the so-called "Seven Sisters" grouping of multinational oil companies.The stated mission of the organization is to "coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets, in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers, a steady income to producers, and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry."[5] The organization is also a significant provider of information about the international oil market. The current OPEC members are the following: Algeria, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, the Republic of the Congo, Saudi Arabia (the de facto leader), the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela. Ecuador, Indonesia and Qatar are former members.
On what basis Crude Oil prices are determined?
Unlike most products, oil prices are not determined entirely by supply, demand and market sentiment toward the physical product. Rather, supply, demand and sentiment toward oil futures contracts, which are traded heavily by speculators, play a dominant role in price determination.
Crude oil is a mixture of various different compounds called hydrocarbons. These different hydrocarbons need to be separated in a column by which process?
Fractional distillation
Fractional distillation is used to separate crude oil into simpler, more useful mixtures . This method can be used because different hydrocarbons have different boiling points .
What is the term commonly used to refer to the act of deviating a well bore to head in the direction desired?
Directional drilling
Directional drilling has advanced the ability to get otherwise unreachable oil. It is now common practice to drill a well horizontally (90 deg.), to distances of 2 miles or more!
What is the name commonly given to the liquid used in drilling a well?
Drilling mud
What is the name given to an offshore drilling rig? (3 types)
Semi-submersible, jack-up, drill-ship
What type of formations are oil and gas usually found in, particularly in Kazakhstan?
Sand
What is upstream & downstream?
Upstream refers to the material inputs needed for production, while downstream is the opposite end, where products get produced and distributed.
Upstream oil and gas production is conducted by companies who identify, extract, or produce raw materials. Downstream oil and gas production companies are closer to the end user or consumer. Here's a look at upstream and downstream oil and gas production, their individual functions, and what role they play in the broader supply chain.
Please, describe the drilling process.
To find oil, geophysicists use special instruments to launch various kinds of vibrations deep into the earth. and measure the time of their return to a special receiver from the obtained data calculate the depth of the horizons in different
points on the surface and build maps if raising anticlinal traps appears on the map and check
for the presence of oil by drilling a well. Drilling wells from drill rigs on which drill pipes are suspended.
The bit is suspended on drill pipes and spins, it is pressed against the bottom of the well and the weight of the pipes themselves. When a well is drilled into it on a special cable, geophysical probes are lowered. Knowing the physical properties of each rock of geophysics, layers of political science are distinguished.
Further, to prepare for operation, a long string of the remaining casing pipes is lowered into the well and into the space between the wall of the well and the outer wall of the pipe, cement mortar is pumped and waiting for it to solidify. Then a perforator comes down with explosive charges embedded in it. Opposite the desired interval of the charge formation, perforated holes are triggered and formed. From a technical point of view, three methods of oil production are the most common. Fountain is when the reservoir pressure is very high and oil not only enters the well, but also rises through tubing to the wellhead where fountain fittings are installed and then goes through pipelines to the assembly point, but more on that later. If the bottomhole formation zone is contaminated by acid treatment or hydraulic fracturing. When oil is produced, it is supplied with water and gas to pipelines that go from each well through which oil is delivered to a comprehensive collection point for preparation according to the standards of GOST. Next, the commodity oil goes to the refinery
How do we find oil and gas?
To find oil and gas resources we use a range of geophysical imaging technologies. Seismic reflection imaging remains the most widely-used geophysical technique in hydrocarbon exploration.
First, we capture echoes using advanced sensors as the waves pass through, or bounce off,the rock and sediment deep underground. We place many sensors over a wide area to record waves from different angles to provide the best picture from beneath the surface in the site we are surveying.
Second, we process the vast amounts of seismic data we have gathered with high-performance computers using advanced algorithms to produce an accurate geological map of the site we are investigating.
And third, we use our GEOSIGNSTM visualisation software to turn the data into images that can be analysed and interpreted by our scientists quickly and efficiently. This ability to visualise and interpret billions of signals lies behind our biggest successes in oil and gas exploration.
Could you name at least five cereals?
MAIZE RISE WHEAT BARLEY MILLET OATS RYE
КУКУРУЗА РИС ПШЕНИЦА ЯЧМЕНЬ ПРОСО ОВЕС РОЖЬ
Which vegetables are usually present on our markets?
· aubergine (eggplant)
o bean
· cabbage
· mushrooms
· onions
o garlic
· peppers
o beetroot (UK) beet (US)
o ginger
o radish
§ potato
· sweetcorn [1]
Zucchini (US)
o cucumber (biologically fruits, but taxed as vegetables)
· tomato
What is precision farming
Precision agriculture is a method in which farmers optimized inputs such as water and fertilizer to enhance productivity quality and yield the term also involves minimizing pests and diseases through spatially targeted application of precise amount of pesticides. It means that you will deal with parts of your field in an appropriate way in different ways because these different parts of the field. So there is varying factors across sectors varying across the a particular parcel taking those into account in order to maximize the crop taking ecological factors into account. So what exactly is precision agriculture? And how is it different from traditional farming? A traditional agriculture where everything has started this is actually from experience handed over technology has also improved. In the beginning they built up machines tractors and so on and that they realized okay if I'm more precise on planting harvesting fertilizing and actually get also more out of my fields and the difference where the precision makes a difference in the efficiency or in the productivity of the farm. Agriculture is actually only a driver or measure another level of productivity in agriculture. Precision farming is a farming management concept based on observing and responding to in travail variations. It relies on new technologies like satellite imagery GPS information technology and other geospatial tools. Let's try and understand this better. Suppose, you have 20 hectares and you are getting 100 tons per hectare of yield a remote sensing image of your field shows the difference between the yield in various parts of the same ground areas marked in red to the yield of 20 tonne per hectare while areas marked in blue to yield of 120 ton per hectare a difference of 100 tonnes or in other words not optimising yield from these hundred tonnes is leading to loss in productivity. Observing variability in crop is the first step of precision agriculture process evaluating all this information together can give you a better understanding of the causes of variability in your farm depending on evaluation you can manage your crop better. Sensors in field measure the moisture content and temperature of the soil and surrounding air satellites and robotic drones provide farmers with real-time images of individual plants. Information from those images can be processed and integrated with sensors and other data to yield guidance for immediate and future decisions such as precisely what fields to water and when or where to plant a particular crop. For example, it can give you an idea if you need to apply a particular mineral or fertilizer in one area of your land rather than using it in the entire farm thus saving your money resource and time.
Please, describe livestock and cattle-breeding in Kazakhstan
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