V. Complete the text using the words from the box. Retell it.
Biology as a science
I. Read the text and tell about the biology as a science.
Biology is the science of life and living things, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. Living things include plants, animals, fungi (such as mushrooms), and microorganisms such as bacteria and archaea.
People who study biology are called biologists. Biology looks at how animals and other organisms behave and work, and what they are like. Biology also studies how organisms react with each other and the environment. It has existed as a science for about 200 years, and was preceded by natural history. The term biology in its modern sense appears to have been introduced independently by Karl Friedrich Burdach (1800), Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus (1802), and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1802). It was inspired by the Greek word bios (“life”) and the suffix -logia (“study of”).
Biology has many research fields and branches. The diversity of life leads to many divisions in biological science involved with studying all aspects of living organisms. Biology is broadly divided into zoology, the study of animal life, and botany, the study of plant life. Subdivisions of each of these sciences include cytology, histology, anatomy or morphology, physiology, and embryology. Also included in biological studies are the sciences of genetics, microbiology, immunology, evolution, palaeontology, etc.
Biology attempts to answer questions such as: "What are the characteristics of this living thing?" (comparative anatomy); "How do the parts work?" (physiology); "How should we group living things?" (classification, taxonomy); "What does this living thing do?" (behaviour, growth); "How does inheritance work? (genetics); "What has been the history of life?" (palaeontology). How do organisms relate to their environment? (ecology). All modern biology is influenced by evolution, which answers the question: "How has the living world come to be as it is?"
Among the most important topics are five unifying principles that can be said to be the fundamental axioms of modern biology.
1. Cells are the basic unit of life.
2. New species and inherited traits are the product of evolution.
3. Genes are the basic unit of heredity.
4. All organism will regulate its internal environment to maintain a stable and constant condition.
5. Living organisms consume and transform energy.
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Like all sciences, biology uses the scientific method. This means that biologists must be able to show evidence for their ideas, and that other biologists must be able to test the ideas for themselves.
II. Give the Russian equivalents for the following words:
| structure function growth origin evolution distribution taxonomy to include fungi to react with each other environment to exist modern research to introduce the term to inspire branch diversity to divide to lead to to attempt | classification cytology histology anatomy physiology genetics microbiology behaviour to inherit heredity to influence important topics species trait to maintain stable to consume energy to use scientific method to mean evidence to be able to |
III. Answer the following questions.
1. Who introduced the term biology?
2. What is biology?
3. What are the divisions of biology?
4. What questions does biology attempt to answer?
5. What are the fundamental axioms of modern biology?
IV. Match the terms with their definitions.
| botany | the study of cells |
| zoology | the study of fungi |
| cytology | the investigation of the immune system |
| genetics | the classification of organisms into special groups |
| histology | the study of plants and their structure |
| taxonomy | the study of genes and heredity |
| physiology | the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life |
| palaeontology | the study of animals |
| immunology | the study of microbes such as bacteria and viruses |
| microbiology | the study of function of the organism at any level |
| mycology | the study of tissues |
V. Complete the text using the words from the box. Retell it.
| data support theories observation sequence results experiments sense acquisition hypothesis predictions equipment |
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