Parts of the sentence. The main members
Sentence - the basic unit of communication grammatically organized and expressing a complete thought.
Members of the Sentence, 2 groups:
· Prime members (subject, predicate)
· Secondary members
Subject - what is being discussed in a sentence. The theme of the sentence.
It's independent and it determines the Sg/Pl form of the predicate, it can also determine the person.
Structurally it can be expressed by Words, Word groups, a predicative construction, a clause.
Morphologically — by a noun, pronoun, a non-finite form.
Sentences where the subject is expressed by a notional verb are called personal. But very often the subject can be expressed by "it", sometimes it's impersonal and has no lexical meaning of its own.
Predicate is what being said about the theme. It's sth new - the rheme. The form of the P. depends on the subject. The predicate can also influence the subject ascribing to it certain actions or qualities and placing the activity of the subject into certain periods of time or regarding the activity of the subject from a certain angle.
E.g. The boy went to-school.
The boy is 5.
The boy can go to school this уear.
The predicate is more important than the subject as in communication it expresses predication.
Predicates can be of several types:
1. P. can consist of 1 finite verb in a synthetic or analytical form. Such predicates are called simple predicates.
E.g. I talked to him yesterday I was talking to him yesterday. ,
2. Compound predicates consist of 2 groups
- compound nominal predicate
- compound verbal predicate
CNP comprises a link verb and a nominal part. Nominal part of the predicate is called a predicative.
The most frequent link verb is to be. But there are others: To feel To grow To become To get To mean
Locative constructions
E.g. They are in Moscow.
They are here.
A model for these sentences - to be + adverb(or a prepositional phrase)
Traditional point of view - an adverb or a prepositional phrase in such sentences function as predicatives and is considered together with to be CNP. To be is the only possible link here.
Other grammarians disagree. Смирницкий: the verb to be is not always devoid of lexical meaning. The lexical meaning of to be depends on its syntactic environment.
E.g. He is here => the meaning of the verb to be is very close to the meaning of the verb to stay.
The meeting is tonight => the meaning of to be is to take place.
To be + adverb = a special kind of predicate = an adverbial predicate
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The secondary members of the sentence (attribute, object, adverbial modifier)
ATTRIBUTE
1. Adjectives (a) or adjectival phrases (b) which characterize the person or non-person qualities or express the speaker's attitude.
a) We sat on the soft sofa and... well, just sat there.
b) We sat there, unable to move or say a word.
2. Pronouns or pronominal phrases, which help to identify or define a person/ non-person.
Can you see those children of mine anywhere?
3. Numerals (ordinal or cardinal), which state the number or order, or serve to identify persons/ things.
He was my first man.
It is part two of the book.
4. Nouns in the common case singular (a) or prepositional nominal phrases (b)=> quality or locative/ temporal/ etc features of a person/ thing.
a)We did it at the garden wall. It was rough.
b)He was a man of strange habits
5. Nouns or pronouns in genitive case.
His girlfriend's bottom is his pride, joy and personal source of enjoyment.
6. Statives (though rarely)
No man alive would eat your cooking.
7. Participle I (a), II (b) and participial phrases (c) -> characterise a person/thing through an action/ process/ reaction.
a) He laughed at the crying girl. Bastard.
b) I couldn 't help laughing when I saw his shaved face.
c) I glanced at the man knitting by the window.
8.Gerunds (a), gerundial phrases (b), gerundial complexes (c) => usually characterize things from the point of view of their function/ purpose.
a) Her walking shoes were elegant and the singing teacher envied her desperately.
b) He showed no sign of having ever known me. Jerk.
c) There is no chance of our seeing him again. He left for Leipzig.
9Infinitives (a), infinitive phrases (b), infinitive complexes (c) => characterize through a real/ unreal action.
a) You are the one to blame.
b) He is not a man to experiment with sex.
c)This is a problem for you to solve
10.Adverbs (a), adverbial phrases (b),
a) The then president sucked,
b) If you live in an out of the way place -I'm sorry.
11. Sentences used as a whole (so called "quotation nouns).
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She looked at him with a kind of don't-touch-me or- I’ll-slap you air and he risked.
12. Attribute clauses
I loved the boy who loved boys.
The Object is a secondary part of the sentence expressed by a verb, a noun, a substantival pronoun, an adjective, a numeral, or an adverb, and denoting a thing to which the action passes on, which is a result of the action, in reference to which an action is committed or a property is manifested, or denoting an action as object of another action.
OBJECT
1. Nouns, substantivized adjectives or participles.
I kissed the girt. She helped the poor/ the wounded. (But that was not t reason why I kissed her.)
2. Numerals, phrases with numerals.
I found three of them behind the door of my bathroom.
3.Gerunds, gerundial phrases.
He insists on coming (who doesn 't)). I hate being looked after.
4. Pronouns,
I don't want anybody here. But they don't understand that.
5.Infinitives, infinitive phraser.
I am glad to see you. I have to learn how to strip men of money.
6.Different predicative complexes.
I felt him trembling all over. He wanted it done quickly. Everything depended on his, working properly with his hands.
7. Object clauses.
I thought of what he had done and wanted more.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIER
1. Adverbs.
You sing beautifully. And I often lie.
2. Adverbial phrases.
It happened three months ago and lasted for three minutes.
3. A noun/ pronoun/ numeral preceded by a preposition.
Behind him stood a horse. It happened in 2004. There: was her lover unde,
4. A noun or this/ that/every/last/next* a noun Wait a minute! Come this way, please.
5.Non-finite forms:
Gerund: I eat before going to bed.
Infinitive: I come here to make love to you.
Participle: Walking in the garden, we found a very comfortable wall.
6.Predicative complexes:
Gerundial constructions: Are you angry because of my being late? Absolute constructions: The meal over, we began drinking. (non-prepositional ) You mustn't do it with children watching, (prepositional)
7. A conjunction + adjective: I do it if necessary.
noun: As a little girl she went to the forest.
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participle: When argued with, I get irritated. While doing it I got tired.
infinitive: As if to calm him down, she gave him some pills.
8. Clauses
Won 't you stay forever or at least till the rain stops? I stayed with him because he asked me. I'm very kind.
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