Noun General. Semantic Classification.
The noun may be defined as a part of speech characterized by the following features:
1.The lexico-grammatical meaning of "substance".
2.The categories of number and case.
3.Typical stem-building morphemes: Marx-ist, work-er, friend-ship, tncnage-ment, etc.
4.Left-hand connections with articles, prepositions, adjectives, possessive pronouns, other nouns, etc.(combinability)
5.The functions of subject, complement, object and modifiers.
(According to Хаймович Б.С., Роговская Б.И.)
Noun lexemes, like those of other parts of speech, have stems of various types (4 types: simple, derived, composite, compound) Stem-structure is not a reliable criterion for distinguishing parts of speech. Composite stems are less typical of nouns than of other parts of speech, especially verbs. Cf. look on, look out, look in and looker-on, (to be (П the) look-out, (to have a) look-in, or onlooker, outlook, etc.
We regard as composite the stems of proper nouns like the Hague, the Urals, the Volga, where the is part of the name.
Compound stems, on the contrary, are more typical of nouns than of any other part of speech: greyhound, postmark, pickpock-et, son-in-law, passer-by…
Many nouns are related by conversion with lexemes belonging to other parts of speech:
adjectives, e. g. light, native, Russian
verbs, e. g. love, show, picture
adverbs, e. g. home, south, back.
Combinability
The combinability of the noun is closely connected with its lexico-grammatical meaning. Denoting substances, nouns are naturally associated with words describing the qualities of substances (adjectives), their number and order (numerals), their actions (verbs), relations (prepositions).
The combinability of nouns is variable. They have left-hand connections with articles (a day, the ink), some pronouns (my friend, that colour), most adjectives (good relations, young Jolyon, but from time immemorial), numerals (two visitors). With prepositions nouns have both left-hand and right-hand connections (to Moscow, at the thought of ...).
Of certain interest is the combinability of nouns with other nouns. Combinations like my neighbour's dog, the dog of my neighbour, that dog of my neighbour's show that a noun in the common case may be preceded by another noun in the possessive case and may be followed by a noun with a preposition. There is, however, disagreement among linguists as to the combinability of two (or more) nouns in the common case without a preposition.
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Linguists are at issue concerning such language units as cannon ball, stone wall, speech sound, etc. The essence of the problem is whether they are compound words (like motor-car) or word-combinations, in the latter case whether the adjunct-word is a noun or an adjective.
Noun Semantic Classification (by Bloch)
| Type of nomination (number the objects we call) | |
| Proper (individual) | Common (class) |
| On the basis of form of existence | |
| Animate | Inanimate |
| Personal quality | |
| Person (human) | Non-person (non-human) |
| On the basis of quantitative stricture (the properties of words but the properties of the things they denote.) | |
| Countable (concrete, objects of reality) In the semantic structure of a noun. | Uncountable (abstract, events, phenomenon) |
The Noun: The Problem of Number.
Number – the category which is expressed by the opposition of the plural form of the noun to the singular form).
From the grammatical point of view most important is the division of nouns into countables and uncountables with regard to the category of number and into declinables and indeclinables with regard to the category of case. All other classifications ' are semantical rather than grammatical.
Countable
· Singular
· Plural
Uncountable
· Singular Tantum (absolute singular, is the characteristic of names of abstract notions: peace, love. Name of mass material: snow, water).
· Plural Tantum (absolute plural characteristic of the uncountable nouns, cannot combine with numerals and only occasionally does it combine with discrete quantifiers (many/few). Goods, clothes, politics, The British Isles.
+ Contextual (can be countable and uncountable depending upon the meaning in which they are used in the context).
Example:
This family is large. These families are large. My family are early risers(denote member of the collective viewed separately).
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