I. Fill in the gaps with words and word combinations from the list.
Microorganisms, invade, take over, ranging, rank, one-celled, boils, breaking down, contagious, AIDS
1. _________ Many kinds of bacteria, viruses, and other _________ can invade the human body and cause disease.
2. _________ Pathogens _________ some of the body's cells and tissues and use them for their own growth and reproduction.
3. They _________ among the most widespread of all living things.
4. Bacteria are microscopic, _________ organisms.
5. _________ and carbuncles result from the multiplication of bacteria in the skin.
6. These pathogens obtain food by _________ body tissues or by absorbing digested food from the intestines.
7. _________ Occasionally, an infectious disease becomes highly and sweeps through a community.
8. The virus that causes________ destroys the immune system's ability to function properly.
9. Fungi, protozoans, and worms produce diseases_________ from minor skin infections to life-threatening internal disorders.
10. Bacterial pneumonia occurs when bacteria________ the lungs and multiply there.
II. Fill in the correct prepositions. Use one of them twice.
from, at, throughout, by, for, to, in
1. Many serious diseases, including tuberculosis, result ... bacterial multiplication.
2. Most infectious diseases are communicable — that is, they can spread from person ... person.
3. Some infectious diseases are always present ... a particular geographic region.
4. Viruses can be seen only ... means of powerful electron microscopes.
5. Many people with AIDS die ... illnesses that do not normally occur or that normally are not serious.
6. Viruses are also responsible ... influenza and the common cold.
7. When an epidemic occurs ... several places throughout the world at the same time, it is called a pandemic.
8. Malaria is endemic ... much of Africa.
III. Replace the underlined words with their synonyms.
contagious, give rise to, attack, gain control of, classified, gain, passes, multiplication, predisposed
1. Many kinds of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms can invade the human body and cause disease.
2. Pathogens take over some of the body's cells and tissues and use them for their own growth and reproduction.
3. Infectious diseases can be grouped according to the kind of pathogen that causes them.
4. As a result, people infected with the virus become susceptible to certain illnesses that do not normally occur or that normally are not serious.
5. These pathogens obtain food by breaking down body tissues or by absorbing digested food from the intestines.
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6. Most infectious diseases are communicable.
7. Occasionally, an infectious disease becomes highly contagious and sweeps through a community.
IV. Answer the following questions.
1. What are pathogens?
2. How can infectious diseases be grouped?
3. What organisms are called bacteria?
4. What diseases are caused by viruses?
5. What do you know about AIDS?
6. How do fungi, protozoans, and worms obtain food?
7. How do infectious diseases spread?
8. What conditions are called an epidemic, a pandemic, an endemic?
V. Fill in the words from the list, then make sentences using the completed phrases.
disease-causing, throughout, minor, life-threatening, highly, lifeless, electron
1. ____________ microorganisms
2. ____________ particle
3. ____________ infections
4. ____________ disorders
5. ____________ contagious
6. ____________ the world
7. ____________ microscopes
VI. Read the text and put each sentence into the correct place.
Some pathogens can survive for long periods on nonliving objects. Insects spread some of the most fatal infectious diseases. Many common infectious diseases spread as a result of close contact with a sick person.
How Infectious Diseases Spread
Infectious diseases can spread in three chief ways. They spread (1) by people, (2) by animals, and (3) by nonliving sources.
1) …………………………….. Such contact frequently takes place through coughing or sneezing, which expels tiny droplets of moisture that may contain pathogens. Diseases that spread largely through coughing and sneezing include colds, influenza, measles, mumps, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and whooping cough.
2) Fleas, mosquitoes, and other insects that feed on blood transmit many serious diseases. Mos- quitoes transmit encephalitis, malaria, and yellow fever in this way. In the same manner, fleas spread plague, and lice carry typhus.
3) …………………………….. These microorganisms can be transmitted by clothing, bedding, silverware, and other objects handled by sick people. Certain bacterial infections sometimes spread to hospital patients through contact with such contaminated objects.
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Lead-in
I. The suffixes -en, -ify, -ize combine with nouns and adjectives to form verbs. Look at the following lists of adjectives and nouns. Put the corresponding verb in the space provided. The first one in each list has been done for you.
| Adjective→ | Verb | Noun→ | Verb |
| hard | harden | sign | signify |
| stabile | hospital | ||
| Sick | class | ||
| intense | specialty | ||
| deaf | agony | ||
| Fat | quality | ||
| sterile | heart |
II. The following suffixes combine with verbs to form adjectives.
| -ed | -ful | -he | -ant |
Look at the words printed in bold and put the appropriate adjective in the space provided. The first one has been done for you.
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