Theme 9. The scientific picture of the world
The purpose of the lecture: the definition of the basic characteristics of the modern scientific picture of the world.
Plan:
1. The concept of the scientific world.
2. Historical forms the scientific world.
3. The global evolution as a modern scientific picture of the world.
Basic concepts: scientific picture of the world, the global evolutionism, the anthropic principle in cosmology.
The scientific picture of the world - a system of ideas about the properties and laws of reality, built in the compilation and synthesis of scientific concepts and principles.
In the process of the development of science is a constant updating of knowledge, ideas and concepts, earlier representations are special cases of the new theories. The scientific picture of the world is not a dogma and absolute truth. At the same time, scientific understanding closer to the truth, because they are based on the totality of the facts proven and established causal relationships. As a result, scientific knowledge can draw correct conclusions and predictions about the properties of our world and contribute to the development of human civilization. Contradictions between scientific concepts overcome by revealing new facts and compare them with the predictions of different theories. This development is the essence of the scientific method.
The scientific picture of the world may be different from the religious views of the world, based on the authority of the prophets, religious traditions, sacred texts, etc. Therefore, religious views are more conservative in contrast to the scientific, evolving as a result of discovery of new facts. In turn, the religious concept of the universe is subject to change, to move closer to the scientific views of his time.
The scientific picture of the world is as different from the world, domestic or inherent artistic perception of the world. For example, the art forms of art images of the world based on its synthesis of the subjective (emotional perception) and objective (dispassionate) comprehension; while the science is focused exclusively on the objective perception and with the help critical thinking eliminates the subjectivity of the research results.
Historical types of scientific picture of the world. As the picture of the world is a systemic education, its change can not be reduced to any single, albeit very big and radical discovery. As a rule, we are talking about a series of interconnected discoveries in fundamental major sciences. These discoveries are almost always accompanied by a radical restructuring of the research method, as well as significant changes in the rules themselves and the ideals of scientific character.
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Such clearly and unambiguously fixed by the radical changes of the scientific picture of the world of scientific revolutions in the history of science, there are three, they are usually taken to personalize the names of the three scientists who played the greatest role in the change occurs.
Aristotle's revolution (VI-IV centuries BC) - as a result of the scientific revolution occurred science itself, there was a separation of science from other forms of knowledge and the development of the world, created by certain rules and patterns of scientific knowledge. The most complete the revolution is reflected in the writings of Aristotle. He created a formal logic, ie, the doctrine of proof, the main tool of breeding and systematization of knowledge, developed a categorical conceptual apparatus. It adopted a kind of canon of scientific research organization (the background, problem statement, the arguments for and against, the rationale of the decision), differentiated knowledge itself, depart science of mathematics and metaphysics.
Newtonian scientific revolution (XVI-XVIII centuries), its starting point is considered to be the transition from the geocentric to the heliocentric model of the world, this change was due to a series of discoveries related with the names of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Descartes. Newton summed up their research and formulated the basic principles of the new scientific picture of the world in general. The dominant feature of classical science becomes a mechanic, all considerations based on the concept of value, excellence, goal-setting, were excluded from the scope of scientific inquiry. The cognitive activity implies a clear opposition of subject and object of research. The result of all these changes was the mechanistic scientific world on the basis of experimental mathematical science.
Einstein's revolution (XIX-XX centuries). It led to a series of discoveries (discovery of the complex structure of the atom, the phenomenon of radioactivity, the discrete nature of electromagnetic radiation, etc.). The result has been undermined, the most important prerequisite for a mechanistic view of the world - the belief that simple forces acting between the same objects can explain all natural phenomena. Later, under the new picture of the world revolution took place in private sciences: cosmology (the concept of the universe is not stationary), biology (development of genetics), etc. Thus, during the XX century, science has changed dramatically its appearance in all its directions.
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Global evolution as a modern scientific picture of the world. The idea of a global evolution as a modern scientific picture of the world has now become one of the forms of the principle of development. It addresses both the philosophical, and scientific knowledge, can not be reduced to the other. This means that the idea of global evolutionism can be attributed to the level of knowledge called scientific picture of the world.
In connection with the interpretation of the essence of this idea arises the following fundamental question: whether there is a system-wide law of the evolutionary process that represents the concretization of the modern concept of development, and at the same time, applicable to all structural levels of natural reality? These laws, which manifest itself one way or another through the evolutionary laws of the individual structural levels, would assure thus the unity of the totality of evolutionary processes in the universe, in particular, the continuity of the process of progressive evolution.
The relevance of the question posed to modern science becomes evident, for example, in the analysis of the so-called anthropological or anthropic, the principle in cosmology that is now causing a major stir in philosophical discussions about the nature of science and the primary interest of many prominent scientists.
In discussing the problem of global evolutionism, we are still limited in all cases, the process is only in our universe, i.e., Metagalaxy. But the assumption of the existence of other universes or metagalaxies which strongly hit the road today in modern science leads to interesting opportunities for further generalization of the formulation of the problem of global evolutionism. If our universe is only one of an infinite number of closed quasi-evolving systems, may interact with each other, it is obvious we can not argue that the evolution of the Metagalaxy including the processes of emergence of cosmic civilizations is determined solely and entirely to her internal factors. It is increasingly likely that the need to take into account external factors and due to the interaction of our and other universes.
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