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MAN AND АNIMALS
Throughout history there has been an ambivalence in man’s attitude toward animals. He has loved them and feared them; worshipped them and hated them; pitied them and eaten them. And above all, he has exploited them.
Man has sought to make animals his servants and very often he has succeeded. Oxen plough fields; elephants haul timber; pigeons carry messages; dogs lead the blind and round up sheep. Man has also adopted animals as his friends. Petkeeping is flourishing now as never before.
Animals together with plants and fungi make up the world of multicellular organisms. Unlike the other two kingdoms of multicellular organisms, animals have developed muscles and hence mobility, a characteristic that has stimulated the further development of tissues and organ systems.
The border-line between primitive animals and plants is quite indefinite. For example, the sponges which lack muscle tissues were long considered to be plants. Their small movements were noticed in 1765, after that the animal nature of sponges slowly came to be recognized.
Animals represent three-quarters or more of the species on Earth, a diversity that reflects the flexibility in feeding, defense, and reproduction which mobility gives them.
Scientists classify all known animals in twenty large groups. The animals we see most often are vertebrates, or backboned animals. This large group is divided into smaller ones. Five main groups of vertebrates are: amphibians, reptiles, fish, mammals, and birds.
Amphibians are animals such as frogs and toads. Young amphibians live in water. When they become full grown, most amphibians develop lungs and legs and can live on land.
Snakes, lizards, turtles, and other reptiles breathe with lungs during the whole life. They have rough, scaly skins.
Fish breathe with gills, and have fins instead of legs. Amphibians, reptiles, and fish are cold-blooded animals. That is, the temperature inside their bodies depends on the temperature outside.
Mammals, such as cats, deer, mice, and monkeys, have hair or fur. Female mammals have milk glands from which they feed milk to their young. Birds are the only animals with feathers. Mammals and birds are warm-blooded animals. That is, the temperature inside their bodies always stays about the same.
Today nearly half of the total food supply of man is contributed by animals. The list of food products of animal origin includes: meat from domestic and wild animals, fowl and eggs from domestic and wild birds, fish of many kinds, milk from cows, goats and sheep.
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Animals contribute to clothing for man in the form of wool, leather, hair and fur. Horses, mules, oxen and other animals have been used as sources of power for different purposes. Domestic animals, notably the horse and the dog, are used extensively in sport. The animals in the zoo and circus are a source of recreation for people of different ages.
Manure produced in livestock farming enriches the soil and increases crop yields.
Humans study animals to learn about themselves, who are a very recent product of the evolution of animals.
Notes on the text :
unlike the other two на відміну від інших двох
the only animals єдині тварини
the temperature stays about the same температура залишається без змін
were considered to be plants вони вважалися рослинами
came to be recognized було визнано
Дайте відповіді на запитання.
1. What can you say about man’s attitude toward animals?
2. What do animals together with plants make up?
3. What is the difference between animals and plants?
4. What has stimulated the further development of tissues and organ systems?
5. What do you know about the movement of the sponges?
6. How many species on Earth do animals represent?
7. What animals do you see most often?
8. How many main groups are there among vertebrates?
9. What animals belong to amphibians?
10. What animals belong to reptiles?
11. What differs fish from another animals?
12. What animals are cold-blooded?
13. What are the main characteristics of mammals?
14. What animals are called warm-blooded?
15. What does the list of food products of animal origin include?
16. What else do animals supply for man?
Вправи
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