Q4. Actual Division of the sentence.
The idea of AD (functional sentence prospective) was put to reduce correlative significance of sentence parts from the point of view if their informative value in an utterance.
Two components: - theme;
- rheme (by Czech linguists) – Greek roots;
Theme – ‘the’ to set, to establish; sth which is set or established.
Rheme – ‘rhe’ to say/ tell; sth which is said/ told about the theme.
Theme – starting point in communication;
- object or phenomenon about which sth is reported.
Rheme – some new information about the object.
Between them – transitional parts of various degree of informative value.
Rheme and theme aren’t expressed by definite parts of the sentence.
Very often the subject is theme but not always.
# Tomsk is a Siberian town. (Tomsk - theme)
That laughter (theme is emphasized) how well he knew it (he – not the theme)
The theme isn’t necessarily sth known in advance.
There are some special ways of pointing out the rheme: there are emphatic constructions with ‘it’.
# it was John (rheme) who did it.
In syntactical languages word order is used to distinguish theme and rheme.
# Старик вошел – Вошел старик
In English we also use word order – put object at the beginning – but it’s not a common thing.
- emphatic particles ‘only’, ‘even’, etc.
# Only he was listening to her.
- the indefinite article (to find rheme);
# The door opened and a young boy entered the room.
- with compound nominal predicate: predicative groups à rheme;
# He is a teacher.
- in oral speech – intonation to show the rheme
One of the most important manifestations of the sentence division is elliptical sentences in the dialogue (only rheme is given).
Constituent Structure of the Simple Sentence.
Simple sentence – a language unit which is syntactically organized, consisting of words.
The division of sentences into parts has reasons as a sentence isn’t a readymade unit (like a word) but every time we use sentences we are to construct them.
Sentence denotes a situation.
A number of real sentences reflecting the situation is endless.
But the relations within the sentence remain the same, parts of it are arranged in the hierarchy. The subject is the person modifier of the predicate, predicate – process modifier of the subject, object – the substance modifier of the processual part, actional or statal, adverbial modifier – a quality modifier of a process, attribute – quality modifier of a substantive part.
|
|
|
Any part of the sentence has its form and meaning.
Forms have a number of characteristics
# position in the sentence.
Meaning has a number of different semantical characteristics.
Traditional model of sentence analysis.
# The experienced chess player easily beat the young novice.
|
Traditional division of parts of the sentence into principal and secondary reflects an important feature of parts of the sentence taking or not taking part in the forming of the predicative centre of the sentence.
Principal – compulsory;
Secondary – optional, but not always.
# I closed …
Drawbacks: - problem of the limit of inner differentiation of parts of the sentence.
# traditional types of adverbial modifiers often fail to give a relevant description of the situation.
Adverbial modifier of place can be divided into place and direction, if we divide them we can also continue dividing them;
# - limited/ unlimited à towards the house/ westwards
- sometimes it’s difficult to say which function a particular phrase has
# He stretched his legs across the carriage floor.
- this analysis fails to present linear order of the sentence. – it’s overcome by the immediate constituent’s model
Immediate constituent model.
It’s based on group parsing. The sentence is divided into two groups:
- subject + it’s adjuncts
- predicate + it’s adjuncts
These two groups are further divided into subgroup constituents according to their successive subordinated order.
IC diagram.
Det – determiner
V – verb
Pr – preposition
Npro – noun constituent expressed by a personal pronun
NP – noun phrase
VP – verbal phrase
A – adjective attribute constituent
N – noun constituent
D – adverbial constituent
The process of analysis continues until the word level is reached.
The Immediate Constituent Derivation Tree
A little girl looked at him suspiciously.
Another way of investigating simple sentence structure is analyzing it with its syntagmatic relations.
|
|
|
Two types of relations – obligatory; - non-obligatory.
The latter may or may not be in a syntactical unit.
They are determined by syntactical valency or combining power of the word.
In the sentence “a little girl looked at him suspiciously”:
A girl looked at him – obligatory
Others – optional.
There’s a term – ‘elementary sentence’ – the sentence all the positions of which are obligatory.
It includes principal parts and complementive modifiers, any modifiers which are necessary to complete the sentence.
It excludes supplementive modifiers.
In language there are different types of expansions which are used to change elementary sentence into expanded one.
Every real sentence should be considered as reducible to one or more elementary sentences which expose in an explicit form their formation scheme.
# The population of the world is rising very fast.
The elementary sentence shows the syntagmatic pattern of an intransitive verb.
Дата добавления: 2019-02-12; просмотров: 268; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!