DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADVERBS AND ADJECTIVES
The positive degree – the comparative degree – the superlative degree
| Synthetic forms 1. dark – darker – darkest hot – hotter – hottest 2. clever – cleverer – cleverest simple – simpler – simplest narrow – narrower – narrowest heavy – heavier – heaviest 3. po`lite – po`liter – po`litest 4. good – better – best well bad – worse – worst badly old – older – oldest elder – eldest far – farther – farthest further – furthest little – less – least many – more – most much | Analytical forms 1. `famous – more/less `famous – most/least `famous 2. quietly – more/less quietly – most/least quietly But: early – earlier – earliest 3. difficult – more/less difficult – most/least difficult |
МНОЖИНА ІМЕННИКІВ
THE PLURAL OF NOUNS
| 1. a book + -s – books a table + -s – tables | |
| 2. a book + -s – books a table + -s – tables | |
| 3. a class + -es – classes a box + -es – boxes a dish + -es – dishes a match + -es – matches | |
| 4. a family + -es – families a day + -s – days | |
| 5. a tomato + -es – tomatoes But: photos, pianos, kilos, kimonos, solos, sopranos, dinamos | |
| 6. a wife + -s – wives a shelf + -es – shelves But: chiefs, handkerchiefs, roofs, proofs, safes | |
| 7. a man – men a woman – women a foot – feet a tooth – teeth a goose – geese a mouse – mice a louse – lice a child – children an ox – oxen a person – people | |
| 8. a datum – data a phenomenon – phenomena a basis – bases a nucleus – nuclei a formula – formulae | |
| 9. a boy-friend – boy-friends a man-of-war – men-of-war a son-in-law – sons-in-law a passer-by – passers-by a forget-me-not – forget-me-nots | |
| sheep, deer, fish, swine, fruit, hair | |
| news, wages, contents; billiards, dominoes, darts etc. | |
| pants, pyjamas, trousers, glasses, spectacles, scissors etc. | |
| clothes, goods, stairs, savings, arms, surroundings etc. |
ЧИСЛІВНИК
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NUMERALS
Cardinal numerals (кількісні числівники)
· Simple (прості) 1-12; 100; 1,000; 1,000,000
· Derived (похідні)
1) 13-19 – -teen
Roots changed: three – `thir`teen; five – `fif`teen
2) tens – -ty
Roots changed: two – `twenty; three – `thirty; four – `forty; five – `fifty
· Composite (складені)
235 – two hundred and thirty-five
4,007 – four thousand and seven
1,694 – a (one) thousand six hundred and ninety-four
7,581,462 – seven million five hundred and eighty-one thousand four hundred and sixty-two
Years
1800 – eighteen hundred
1675 – sixteen seventy-five
1905 – nineteen hundred and five (nineteen five)
Telephone numbers
8 0512 39 77 46 – eight, O [ou]/zero five one two, three nine, double seven, four six
Other cases
| Page twenty Chapter five | Part two Room three | Act one Size forty-two |
Ordinal numerals (порядкові числівники) – th
· Simple
- first, second, third
- – th
Roots changed: five – fifth, twelve – twelfth, nine – ninth
· Derived
Sixty – sixtieth
· Composite
Three hundred and sixty-fourth
Dates
17/9/1995 – the seventeenth of September nineteen ninety-five / September the seventeenth nineteen ninety-five
Fractions (прості дробі)
Numerator – cardinal
Denominator – ordinal
| 1/7 – one seventh 3/7 – tree sevenths | ½ – a half (one half) ¼ – a quarter (one quarter) | 1 ¾ – one and three quarters 3 4/5 – three and four fifths |
Decimals (десяткові дробі)
35.204 – three five point two nought four
0.71 – (nought) point seven one
| 0 | |||
| [ou] – telephone numbers – years – account numbers | nought [no:t](Br.) / zero [`zierou] – decimals | [nil] – football | [lΛv] – tennis |
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СПОСОБИ ВИРАЖЕННЯ МАЙБУТНЬОЇ ДІЇ
FUTURE FORMS
| will 1. The most common use of will is an auxiliary verb to show future time. It expresses a future fact or prediction. Tomorrow will be warm and sunny. What time will she be back? I'm sure you'll pass your exam. 2. Will (‘ll) expresses an intention or decision made at the moment of speaking. I’ll give you my phone number. Ring me tonight. I'll phone back later. |
| going to 1. Going to expresses future plans, intention or decision made before the moment of speaking. We're going to have a holiday in Sicily this summer. My daughter's going to study modern languages at Bristol University. 2. We use going to when we can see that something is certain to happen. Look at those clouds. It's going to rain. She is going to have a baby. |
| Present Continuous The Present Continuous can be used to express a future arrangement between people. It is common with verbs such as go, come, see, visit, meet, have (a party), leave. It usually refers to the near future. Pat and Peter are coming for dinner tonight. I am seeing the doctor in the morning. Sometimes there is little or no difference between a future intention (going to) and a future arrangement (Present Continuous). We're going to see a play tonight. We're seeing a play tonight. |
| Present Simple 1. Present Simple expresses a future event as a part of fixed timetable or programme. The last train leaves at 11.30 He flies to London next Sunday. 2. We use Present Simple for future in adverbial clauses of time and condition. I’ll buy that novel when it comes out. If it rains tomorrow, we shan’t go to the forest. |
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