Find the words to the following definitions in the text and translate them into Russian.
UNIT 1
GEOLOGY
COMPREHENSION
Read the following text andfill in the missing words, according to the text. (R.P – 1.1 )
Fig. 1. James Hutton (1726-1797)
In the late 1700’s Scotland became the home of practical geology. When we look at a geological map of the world it is not difficult to see why Scotland, within its 49,000 square miles (80000 square km) possesses practically every geological structure and age of rock possible. The person regarded as the founder of modern geology is James Hutton (1726-1797), of Edinburgh. By studying the rocks where they outcropped (in the field, as geologists say), he formulated theories about the past conditions that formed them. He visualized an abiding Earth on which forces of rock formation were balanced by forces of rock destruction. It was he who put the Neptunian theories to rest.
Another approach to practical geology is that of the experimental scientist. The pioneer in this field was Sir James Hall (1761-1832)-not the great 19th-century American geologist of the same name but another Scot from Edinburgh. Hall melted rock specimens in the furnace of an iron foundry and observed what was produced as they cooled. He also conducted experiments to stimulate the formation of various rock structures by compressing layers of clay. Most of these experiments were conducted after Hall’s death, because he was dismissive of this experimental approach.
(Dougal Dixon “The Practical Geologist” 1992, Aurum,USA )
The home of practical geology was _____________ (1) because one can find all possible __________________ _____________ (2). The founder of practical geology is considered to be ________ ____________ (3) from ________ (4). He studied rocks based on the __________ (5) and formulated different theories about how these rocks were formed. Another interesting scientist of that time was _________ __________ (6) His approach to practical geology was quite different. He was considered to be an ________ ___________ (7). His experiments consisted of melting rock specimens and observing what was produced when they cooled. He also conducted experiments to stimulate _________ __________ _____________ (8).
READING COMPREHENSION
Read the text «What is Geology?»
Vocabulary
1.Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following terms:
| geology | Earth | palaeoclimatology | Mesozoic Era |
| knowledge | structure | microscopic | palaeonotology |
| geochemical | discipline | mammoth | technological |
| geophysical | stratigraphy | dinosaur | uniformitarianism |
2. Read the following word formations and remember their pronunciation:
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| apply-applicable-application | transport-transportive-transportation |
| destroy-destructive-destruction | develop-development |
| literally- дословно | principally- принципиально |
| relatively- относительно | essentially- существенно |
| primarily- главный, основной | completely- полностью, совершенно |
| particularly- особенно | firstly- во-первых |
| especially- особенно | daily- постоянно |
| constantly- постоянно | considerably- значительно |
| reconstruct- восстанавливать | irregularity- неровность |
| predominant- преобладающий |
3. Pay attention to the underlined terms and expressions in the text:
| crust (Earth) | кора (земная) |
| force (s) | сила |
| endogenous | эндогенный |
| exogenous | экзогенный |
| weathering | выветривание |
| erosion | эрозия |
| transport (of rock material) | перенос |
| to level (v) / level (n) | выравнивать; уровень, горизонт |
| sedimentary rock | осадочная порода |
| geological time | геологическое время |
| remain ( trace) | остаток, след |
| geological process | геологический процесс |
| horizontal movement | горизонтальное движение |
| vertical movement | вертикальное движение |
| earthquake | землетрясение |
| agent | агент |
| alga | водоросль |
| in terms of | in particular |
| it is possible (to+V) | only recently |
| summing up | by contrast |
TEXT: What is Geology?
The word geology comes from the Greek language and means literally “science or knowledge of the Earth”. Only recently, this term has been applicable to the Earth as a whole because it is only recently that geochemical and geophysical work has yielded information about the interior of our planet. Geology has to do with the nature and development of the Earth’s crust and particularly with those parts that are accessible or exposed. The structure of the crust is not simple and in the mountain ranges can even be very complex. Events, which happened hundreds of millions of years ago, have to be reconstructed from evidence-direct or indirect- is available.
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Geology has been subdivided into several specialized disciplines and only drawing on information from several disciplines can often solve problems.
Classical geology seeks to interpret the events of the past in terms of processes, which occur at present, and thereby it is possible to attempt to reconstruct the forces that were at work in the past.
The uppermost part of the crust is affected by two different kinds of forces. Firstly, there are endogenous forces that originate within the Earth. The crust is never completely at rest because of movements resulting from these endogenous forces. Everything is in motion. Volcanic activity, earthquakes and the fact that the crust is constantly subjected to vertical and horizontal movements that can be observed from satellites are among the more obvious expressions of these endogenous forces.
The form of the Earth’s surface is the result of a balance between the endogenous forces and exogenous forces that act at the Earth’s surface and do not derive from within it. The most obvious effects of such forces are the destructive effects of the weathering, erosion and transport of rock material that tends to level the landscape and even out the irregularities of the surface. The principal agents of this process are water, wind and in the polar and mountain ranges, ice.
Although endogenous forces can result in the formation of new rocks (for example, in volcanoes), the exogenous forces, by contrast, are predominantly destructive and transportive. The study of the Earth’s geological history, as revealed principally by the succession of sedimentary rocks, is called stratigraphy. It is possible to trace changes in the distribution of land and sea, different climates and even changes in the constitution of the atmosphere during geological time; further the origin and development of past mountain belts can be determined.
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People have long been fascinated by the almost daily discovery in rocks of the remains of past plants and animals. The oldest known traces of life are microscopic structures (predecessors of algae) about 4000 million years old. These lowly organisms stand in stark contrast to the giant dinosaurs of the Mesozoic Era or the ice age mammoths. The observation and classification of the organic remains that occur in rocks and the reconstruction of their evolution is the subject of paleontology (which is subdivided into paleobotany and paleozoology).
Regional geology aims at the integration of all the geological information pertaining to a particular area and this is expressed in the form of geological map. Such maps are the essential basis of all kinds of practical geological work.
Applied geology is concerned with the practical use of geological knowledge (discovery of mineral resources, oil and water, etc.). Applied geology finds further important applications in nature conservation. The study of present day processes is basic of all geological work – the principle of uniformitarianism is often expressed in the form “the present is the key to the past”. The natural laws controlling geological processes have remained essentially the same for thousands of millions of years.
Summing up, geology is the study of the Earth’s history and draws on all the technological resources of modern science in deciphering the record of the rocks as documents of Earth history. The geologists use his experience to correlate sequences of geological events established in separate areas into a general temporal sequence.
The present state of geology has been attained as a result of much work spread over many years and even now, views on the Earth’s evolution and Man’s ideas of his own development are far from complete. In particular, the concept of geological time has changed considerably over the past 2300 years and it is necessary now to trace the development of the geological sciences.
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( Robert Lauterbach “The World of Geology -The Earth then and now” 1983 Leipzig)
Exercises
Find the words to the following definitions in the text and translate them into Russian.
| capable of being applied (put to practical use); relevant | |
| to give | |
| easily reached | |
| to lay open; to be disclosed | |
| obtained; used | |
| to explain the meaning of; to expound smth. | |
| to happen | |
| to make an effort at smth. | |
| to bring into existence | |
| to be ruinous; to be destroyed | |
| to contribute to smth.; to be directed to some purpose | |
| in a particular order; one after another | |
| a mark left by smth./smb.; to follow | |
| composition | |
| to decide; restrict | |
| ancestor | |
| completely | |
| expressed concisely | |
| local position; situation | |
| the act of being preserved after decay | |
| to discover, solve, unravel | |
| to put in relation to other series | |
| result | |
| to achieve, accomplish | |
| proof | |
| consequence |
2.2.2 Translate into Russian:
to interpret in terms of processes-
it is possible to expose-
it is possible to determine-
to consider in terms of forces-
to realize in terms of rock mechanics-
summing up the story-
summing up the research-
to draw the conclusion-
thereby they established a new theory-
however they couldn’t keep in close touch with the enterprise-
you should discuss it in particular-
2.2.3 Complete the sentences:
1. It is possible to………………………………………………
2. Thereby, they opened ………………………………………
3. In particular, you should ……………………………………
4. However, we could …………………………………………
5. We considered it in terms of ……………………………….
6. Summing up, they ………………………………………….
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